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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1243 24.12 CallXML Another advancement benefiting people with visual impairments is CallXML, a voice technology created and supported by Voxeo (www.voxeo.com). CallXML creates phone-to- Web applications that control incoming and outgoing telephone calls. Examples of CallXML applications include voice mail, interactive voice-response systems and Internet call waiting. VoiceXML allows computers to read Web pages to users with visual impairments; CallXML reads Web content to users via a telephone. CallXML has important implications for individuals who do not have a computer, but do have a telephone. When users access CallXML applications, a text-to-speech (TTS) engine converts text to an automated voice. The TTS engine then reads information contained within CallXML elements to the users. CallXML applications are tailored to respond to input from callers. [Note: Users must have a touch-tone phone to access CallXML applications.] Typically, CallXML applications play prerecorded audio clips or text as output, requesting responses as input. An audio clip might contain a greeting that introduces callers to the application, or it might recite a menu of options, requesting that callers make a touchtone entry. Certain applications, such as voice mail, might require both verbal and touchtone input. Once the application receives the necessary input, it responds by invoking CallXML elements (such as text) that contain the information a TTS engine reads to users. If the application does not receive input within a designated time frame, it prompts the user to enter valid input. When a user accesses a CallXML application, the incoming telephone call is referred to as a session. A CallXML application can support multiple sessions, which means that the application can process multiple telephone calls at once. Each session is independent of the others and is assigned a unique sessionID for identification. A session terminates either when the user hangs up the telephone or when the CallXML application invokes the hangupelement. Our first CallXML application demonstrates the classic Hello World example (Fig. 24.19). Line 1 contains the optional XML declaration. Value versionindicates the XML version to which the document conforms. The current XML recommendation is version 1.0. Value encoding indicates the type of Unicode encoding that the application uses. For this example, we empty UTF-8, which requires eight bits to transfer and receive data. More information on Unicode can be found in Appendix G, Unicode . The tag in line 6 declares that the content is a CallXML document. Line 7 contains the Hello World text. All text that is to be spoken by a text-to-speech (TTS) engine must be placed within tags. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hello World. 8 Fig. 24.19 Fig. 24.19Fig. 24FiFi.19g. 24.19g. 24.19Hello World CallXML example. (Part 1 of 2.) (Courtesy of Voxeo, Voxeo Corporation 2000 2001.)
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