1450 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Appendix K Fig. K.10 Fig. K.1FiFig. K.10g. K.10Nested and ordered lists in XHTML. (Part 3 of 3.) Fig. K.10 The first ordered list begins in line 33. Attribute type specifies the sequence type (i.e., the set of numbers or letters used in the ordered list). In this case, setting typeto “I” specifies upper-case roman numerals. Line 47 begins the second ordered list and sets attribute typeto “a”, specifying lowercase letters for the list items. The last ordered list (lines 71 75) does not use attribute type. By default, the list s items are enumerated from one to three. A Web browser indents each nested list to indicate a hierarchal relationship. By default, the items in the outermost unordered list (line 18) are preceded by discs. List items nested inside the unordered list of line 18 are preceded by circles. Although not demonstrated in this example, subsequent nested list items are preceded by squares. Unordered list items may be explicitly set to discs, circles or squares by setting the ulelement s type attribute to “disc”, “circle” or “square”, respectively. Note: XHTML is based on HTML (HyperText Markup Language) a legacy technology of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). In HTML, it was common to specify the document s content, structure and formatting. Formatting might specify where the browser places an element in a Web page or the fonts and colors used to display an element. The so-called strict form of XHTML allows only a document s content and structure to appear in a valid XHTML document, and not that document s formatting. Our first several examples used only the strict form of XHTML. In fact, the purpose of lines 2 3 in each of the examples before Fig. K.10 was to indicate to the browser that each document conformed to the strict XHTML definition. This enables the browser to confirm that the docu
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Appendix K Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 1449 27

28
• New games

29

• 30 New applications 31 32 33
  
  34
  1. For business

  35

  2. For pleasure

  36

  37 38

39 40

• Around the clock news

41

• Search engines

42

• Shopping

43

• 44 Programming 45 46 47
  
  48
  1. XML

  49

  2. Java

  50

  3. XHTML

  51

  4. Scripts

  52

  5. New languages

  53

  54 55

56 57

58 59

60 61

Links

62

Keeping in touch with old friends

63

It is the technology of the future!

64 65

66 67

My 3 Favorite CEOs

68 69 70 71

72
1. Lawrence J. Ellison

73

2. Steve Jobs

74

3. Michael Dell

75

76 77 78 Fig. K.10 Fig. K.1FiFig. K.10g. K.10Nested and ordered lists in XHTML. (Part 2 of 3.) Fig. K.10
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1448 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Appendix K 33 34 Fig. K.9 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.9g. K.99Unordered lists in XHTML. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. K. K.10 Nested and Ordered Lists Lists may be nested to represent hierarchical relationships, as in an outline format. Figure K.10 demonstrates nested lists and ordered lists (i.e., list that order their items by letter or number). 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

The Best Features of the Internet

16 17 18

19
• You can meet new people from countries around 20 the world.

21 22

• 23 You have access to new media as it becomes public: 24 25 26 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
  

  Here are my favorite sites

  16 17

  Click on a name to go to that page.

  18 19 20

  21 22 23
  • Deitel

  24 25

  • W3C

  26 27

  • Yahoo!

  28 29

  • CNN

  30 31

  32 Fig. K.9 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.9g. K.99Unordered lists in XHTML. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. K.
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1446 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Appendix K 27

All information on this site is © 28 Deitel & Associates, Inc. 2002.

29 30 34

You may download 3.14 x 10² 35 characters worth of information from this site. 36 Only _one download per hour is permitted.

37 38

Note: < ¼ of the information 39 presented here is updated daily.

40 41 42 Fig. K.9 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.9g. K.99Inserting special characters into XHTML. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. K. Lines 27 28 contain other special characters, which are expressed as either word abbreviations (e.g., amp for ampersand and copy for copyright) or hexadecimal (hex) values (e.g., & is the hexadecimal representation of &). Hexadecimal numbers are base-16 numbers digits in a hexadecimal number have values from 0 to 15 (a total of 16 different values). The letters A F represent the hexadecimal digits corresponding to decimal values 10 15. Thus, in hexadecimal notation we can have numbers like 876 consisting solely of decimal-like digits, numbers like DA19F consisting of digits and letters, and numbers like DCB consisting solely of letters. We discuss hexadecimal numbers in detail in Appendix B, Number Systems. In lines 34 36, we introduce three new elements. Most browsers render the del element as strike-through text. With this format, users can easily indicate document revisions. To superscript text (i.e., raise text on a line with a decreased font size) or subscript text (i.e., lower text on a line with a decreased font size), use the sup and sub elements, respectively. We also use special characters < for a less-than sign and ¼ for the fraction 1/4 (line 38).
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Appendix K Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 1445 On line 20, we introduce the br element, which most browsers render as a line break. Any markup or text following a brelement is rendered on the next line. Like the imgelement, br is an example of an empty element terminated with a forward slash. We add a space before the forward slash to enhance readability. K.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks When marking up text, certain characters or symbols (e.g., <) may be difficult to embed directly into an XHTML document. Some keyboards may not provide these symbols, or the presence of these symbols may cause syntax errors. For example, the markup

if x < 10 then increment x by 1

results in a syntax error, because it uses the less-than character (<), which is reserved for start tags and end tags such as

and

. XHTML provides special characters or entity references (in the form &code;) for representing these characters. We could correct the previous line by writing

if x < 10 then increment x by 1

which uses the special character < for the less-than symbol. Figure K.9 demonstrates how to use special characters in an XHTML document. For a list of special characters, see Appendix M, Special Characters. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 Click 20 here 21 to open an e-mail message addressed to 22 deitel@deitel.com. 23

24 25

---

26 Fig. K.9 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.9g. K.99Inserting special characters into XHTML. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. K.
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1444 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Appendix K 37 38 40
41 42 43 45
46

47 48 49 Fig. K.8 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.8g. K.88Using images as link anchors. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. K. Lines 17 20 create an image hyperlink by nesting an img element within an anchor (a) element. The value of the img element s srcattribute value specifies that this image (links.jpg) resides in a directory named buttons. The buttons directory and the XHTML document are in the same directory. Images from other Web documents also can be referenced (after obtaining permission from the document s owner) by setting the src attribute to the name and location of the image.
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Appendix K Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 1443 Some XHTML elements (called empty elements) contain only attributes and do not mark up text (i.e., text is not placed between the start and end tags). Empty elements (e.g., img) must be terminated, either by using the forward slash character (/) inside the closing right angle bracket (>) of the start tag or by explicitly including the end tag. When using the forward slash character, we add a space before the forward slash to improve readability (as shown at the ends of lines 17 and 20). Rather than using the forward slash character, lines 19 20 could be written with a closing tag as follows: By using images as hyperlinks, Web developers can create graphical Web pages that link to other resources. In Fig. K.8, we create six different image hyperlinks. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 20
21 22 23 25
26 27 28 30
31 32 33 35
36 Fig. K.8 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.8g. K.88Using images as link anchors. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. K.
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1442 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Appendix K Fig. K.7 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.7g. K.77Placing images in XHTML files. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. K. Good Programming Practice K.5 Always include the width and the height of an image inside the tag. When the browser loads the XHTML file, it will know immediately from these attributes how much screen space to provide for the image and will lay out the page properly, even before it downloads the image. Performance Tip K.1 Including the width and height attributes in an tag will help the browser load and render pages faster. Common Programming Error K.4 Entering new dimensions for an image that change its inherent width-to-height ratio distorts the appearance of the image. For example, if your image is 200 pixels wide and 100 pixels high, you should ensure that any new dimensions have a 2:1 width-to-height ratio. Every imgelement in an XHTML document has an alt attribute. If a browser cannot render an image, the browser displays the alt attribute s value. A browser might not be able to render an image for several reasons. It might not support images as is the case with a text-based browser (i.e., a browser that can display only text) or the client may have disabled image viewing to reduce download time. Figure K.7 shows Internet Explorer rendering the alt attribute s value when a document references a nonexistent image file (jhtp.jpg). The alt attribute is important for creating accessible Web pages for users with disabilities, especially those with vision impairments and text-based browsers. Specialized software called speech synthesizers often are used by people with disabilities. These software applications speak the alt attribute s value so that the user knows what the browser is displaying. We discuss accessibility issues in detail in Chapter 24, Accessibility.
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Appendix K Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 1441 Lines 17 19 contain an e-mail link. The form of an e-mail anchor is . In this case, we link to the e-mail address deitel@deitel.com. K.7 Images The examples discussed so far demonstrated how to mark up documents that contain only text. However, most Web pages contain both text and images. In fact, images are an equal and essential part of Web-page design. The two most popular image formats used by Web developers are Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Users can create images, using specialized pieces of software, such as Adobe PhotoShop Elements and Jasc Paint Shop Pro (www.jasc.com). Images may also be acquired from various Web sites, such as gallery.yahoo.com. Figure K.7 demonstrates how to incorporate images into Web pages. Lines 16 17 use an img element to insert an image in the document. The image file s location is specified with the imgelement s src attribute. In this case, the image is located in the same directory as this XHTML document, so only the image s file name is required. Optional attributes width and height specify the image s width and height, respectively. The document author can scale an image by increasing or decreasing the values of the image widthand heightattributes. If these attributes are omitted, the browser uses the image s actual width and height. Images are measured in pixels ( picture elements ), which represent dots of color on the screen. The image in Fig. K.7 is 181pixels wide and 238pixels high. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 18 19 21

22 23 24 Fig. K.7 Fig. K.Fig.Fi K.7g. K.77Placing images in XHTML files. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. K.
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