Appendix I Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1387 Fig. I.7 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.7g. I.77Inserting special characters into HTML. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. I. There are some special characters inserted into the text of lines 22 and 23:

All information on this site is © Deitel & Associates, 2002.

All special characters are inserted in their code form. The format of the code is always &code;. An example of this is &, which inserts an ampersand. Codes are often abbreviated forms of the character (like amp for ampersand and copy for copyright) and can also be in the form of hex codes. (For example, the hex code for an ampersand is 38, so another method of inserting an ampersand is to use &.) Please refer to the chart in Appendix M for a listing of special characters and their respective codes. In lines 28 31, we introduce three new styles.

You may copy up to 3.14 x 10² characters worth of information from this site. Just make sure you _{do not copy more information} than is allowable.

You can indicate text that has been deleted from a document by including it in a del element. This could be used as an easy way to communicate revisions of an online document. Many browsers render the delelement as strike-through text. To turn text into superscript (i.e., raised vertically to the top of the line and made smaller) or to turn text into subscript (the opposite of superscript, lowers text on a line and makes it smaller), use the sup or sub element, respectively. Line 20

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1386 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I You can even insert an image from a different Web site into your site (after obtaining permission from the site s owner, of course). Just make the src attribute reflect the location and name of the image file. On line 17 alt = “Links Page”>
we introduce the br element, which causes a line break to be rendered in most browsers. I.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks In HTML, the old QWERTY typewriter setup no longer suffices for all our textual needs. HTML 4.01 has a provision for inserting special characters and symbols (Fig. I.7). 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

My email address is 16 deitel@deitel.com. Click on the address and your browser 17 will automatically open an email message and address it to my 18 address.

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All information on this site is © 23 Deitel & Associates, 2002.

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39 Fig. I.6 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.6g. I.66Using images as link anchors. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. I.
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Appendix I Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1383 12 13 14

16 17 18 Fig. I.5 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.5g. I.55Placing images in HTML files. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. I. The image in this code example is inserted in lines 14 and 15:

You specify the location of the image file in the img element. This is done by adding the src = “location”attribute. You can also specify the height and width of an image, measured in pixels. The term pixel stands for picture element. Each pixel represents one dot of color on the screen. This image is 181 pixels wide and 236 pixels high. Good Programming Practice I.8 Always include the height and the width of an image inside the img tag. When the browser loads the HTML file, it will know immediately how much screen space to give the image and will therefore lay out the page properly, even before it downloads the image. Common Programming Error I.2 Entering new dimensions for an image that changes its inherent width-to-height ratio distorts the appearance of the image. For example, if your image is 200 pixels wide and 100 pixels high, you should always make sure that any new dimensions have a 2:1 width-to-height ratio. The alt attribute is required for every img element. In Fig. I.5, the value of this attribute is alt = “Demonstration of the alt attribute”
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1382 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I 12 13 14

My email address is 15 deitel@deitel.com. Click on the address and your browser 16 will open an email message and address it to me.

17 18 19 Fig. I.4 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.4g. I.44Linking to an email address. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. I. We see an email link on lines 14 and 15

My email address is deitel@deitel.com. Click on the address and your browser The form of an email anchor is . It is important that this whole attribute, including the mailto:, be placed in quotation marks. I.7 Images We have thus far dealt exclusively with text. We now show how to incorporate images into Web pages (Fig. I.5). 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fig. I.5 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.5g. I.55Placing images in HTML files. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. I.
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Appendix I Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1381 Fig. I.3 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.3g. I.33Linking to other Web pages. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. I. Links are inserted with the a (anchor) element. The anchor element is unlike the elements we have seen thus far in that it requires certain attributes (i.e., markup that provides information about the element) to specify the hyperlink. Attributes are placed inside an element s start tag and consist of a name and a value. The most important attribute for the a element is the location to which you would like the anchoring object to be linked. This location can be any resource on the Web, including pages, files and email addresses. To specify the address to link to, add the href attribute to the anchor element as follows: . In this case, the address we are linking to is http://www.yahoo.com. The hyperlink (line 19) makes the text Yahooa link to the address specified in href. Anchors can use mailto URLs to provide links to email addresses. When someone selects this type of anchored link, most browsers launch the default email program to initiate an email message to the linked address. This type of anchor is demonstrated in Fig. I.4. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fig. I.4 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.4g. I.44Linking to an email address. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. I.
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1380 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I Line 14

Level 1 Header

introduces the h1 header element, with its start tag

and its end tag

. Any text to be displayed is placed between the two tags. All six header elements, h1 through h6, follow the same pattern. Good Programming Practice I.7 Putting a header at the top of every Web page helps those viewing your pages understand what the purpose of each page is. I.6 Linking The most important capability of HTML is its ability to create hyperlinks to other documents, making possible a worldwide network of linked documents and information. In HT- ML, both text and images can act as anchors to link to other pages on the Web. We introduce anchors and links in Fig. I.3. The first link can be found on line 19

Yahoo

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Here are my favorite Internet Search Engines

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Click on the Search Engine address to go to that 17 page.

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Yahoo

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AltaVista

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Ask Jeeves

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WebCrawler

26 27 28 Fig. I.3 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.3g. I.33Linking to other Web pages. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. I.
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Appendix I Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1379 I.5 Headers The six headers are used to delineate new sections and subsections of a page. Figure I.2 shows how these elements (h1through h6) are used. Note that the actual size of the text of each header element is selected by the browser and can vary significantly between browsers. Good Programming Practice I.6 Adding comments to the right of short HTML lines is a clean-looking way to comment code. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Level 1 Header

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Level 2 header

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Level 3 header

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Level 4 header

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Level 5 header

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Level 6 header

20 21 22 Fig. I.2 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.2g. I.22Header elements h1through h6. Fig. I.
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1378 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I ple. In subsequent examples, we also include comments in the markup, especially when we introduce new features. Every HTML document contains a head element, which generally contains information about the document, and a body element, which contains the page content. Information in the head element is not generally rendered in the display window, but may be made available to the user through other means. Lines 8 10 show the headelement section of our Web page. Including a title element is required for every HTML document. To include a title in your Web page, enclose your chosen title between the pair of tags in the head element. Good Programming Practice I.5 Use a consistent title-naming convention for all pages on your site. For example, if your site is called Al s Web Site, then the title of your links page might best be Al s Web Site - Links . This practice presents a clearer picture to those browsing your site. The title element names your Web page. The title usually appears on the colored bar at the top of the browser window, and also will appear as the text identifying your page if a user adds your page to their list of Favorites or Bookmarks. The title is also used by search engines for cataloging purposes, so picking a meaningful title can help search engines direct a more focused group of people to your site. Line 12 opens the body element. The body of an HTML document is the area where you place the content of your document. This includes text, images, links and forms. We discuss many elements that can be inserted in the body element later in this appendix. Remember to include the end tag before the closing tag. Various elements enable you to place text in your HTML document. We see the paragraph element on line 14

Welcome to Our Web Site!

All text placed between the

tags forms one paragraph. Most Web browsers render paragraphs as set apart from all other material on the page by a line of vertical space both before and after the paragraph. The HTML in line 12 causes Internet Explorer to render the enclosed text as shown in Fig. I.1. Our code example ends on lines 16 and 17 with These two tags close the body and HTML sections of the document, respectively. As discussed earlier, the last tag in any HTML document should be , which tells the browser that all HTML coding is complete. The closing tag is placed before the tag because the body section of the document is entirely enclosed by the HTML section. Therefore, the body section must be closed before the HTML section.
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