Appendix I Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1393 The document type specifies which version of HTML is used in the document and can be used with a validation tool, such as the W3C s validator.w3.org, to ensure an HTML document conforms to the HTML specification. tells the browser that everything contained between the opening tag and the closing tag is HTML. Comments in HTML always begin with and can span across several source lines. The browser ignores any text and/or tags placed inside a comment. Every HTML file is separated into a header section and a body. Including a title is mandatory for every HTML document. Use the tags to do so. They are placed inside the header. opens the body element. The body of an HTML document is the area where you place all content you would like browsers to display. All text between the

tags forms one paragraph. Most browsers render paragraphs as set apart from all other material on the page by a line of vertical space both before and after the paragraph. Headers are a simple form of text formatting that typically increase text size based on the header s level (h1 through h6). They are often used to delineate new sections and subsections of a page. The purpose of HTML is to mark up text; the question of how it is presented is left to the browser itself. People who have difficulty seeing can use special browsers that read the text on the screen aloud. These browsers (which are text based and do not show images, colors or graphics) might read strong and em with different inflections to convey the impact of the styled text to the user. You should close tags in the reverse order from that in which they were started to ensure proper nesting. The most important capability of HTML is creating hyperlinks to documents on any server to form a worldwide network of linked documents and information. Links are inserted with the a (anchor) element. To specify the address you would like to link to, add the href attribute to the anchor element, with the address as the value of href. Anchors can link to email addresses. When someone clicks this type of anchored link, their default email program initiates an email message to the linked address. The term pixel stands for picture element . Each pixel represents one dot of color on the screen. You specify the location of the image file with the src = “location” attribute in the tag. You can specify the height and widthof an image, measured in pixels. alt is provided for browsers that cannot view pictures or that have images turned off (text-based browsers, for example). The value of the alt attribute will appear on screen in place of the image, giving the user an idea of what was in the image. You can refer to files in different directories by including the directory name in the correct format in the srcattribute. You can insert an image from a different Web site onto your site (after obtaining permission from the site s owner). Just make the src attribute reflects the location and name of the image file. The br element forces a line break. If the br element is placed inside a text area, the text begins a new line at the place of the
tag. HTML 4.01 has a provision for inserting special characters and symbols. All special characters are inserted in the format of the code, always &code;. An example of this is &, which inserts an ampersand. Codes are often abbreviated forms of the character (like amp for ampersand and copy
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1392 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I

1. Lawrence J. Ellison
2. Steve Jobs
3. Michael Dell

define an ordered list element with the tags

. Most browsers render ordered lists with a sequence number for each list element instead of a bullet. By default, ordered lists use decimal sequence numbers (1, 2, 3, ). I.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources There are many resources available on the World Wide Web that go into more depth on the topics we cover. Visit the following sites for additional information on this appendix s topics. www.w3.org The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is the group that makes HTML recommendations. This Web site holds a variety of information about HTML both its history and its present status. www.w3.org/TR/html401 The HTML 4.01 Specification contains all the nuances and fine points in HTML 4.01. www.w3schools.com/html The HTMl School. This site contains a complete guide to HTML, starting with an introduction to the WWW and ending with advanced HTML features. This site also has a good reference for the features of HTML. www2.utep.edu/~kross/tutorial This University of Texas at El Paso site contains another guide for simple HTML programming. The site is helpful for beginners, because it focuses on teaching and gives specific examples. www.w3scripts.com/html This site, an offshoot of W3Schools, is a repository for code examples exhibiting all of the features of HTML, from beginner to advanced. SUMMARY HTML is not a procedural programming language like C, Fortran, Cobol or Pascal. It is a markup language that identifies the elements of a page so a browser can render that page on the screen. HTML is used to format text and information. This marking up of information is different from the intent of traditional programming languages, which is to perform actions in a designated order. In HTML, text is marked up with elements, delineated by tags that are keywords contained in pairs of angle brackets. HTML documents are created via text editors. All HTML documents stored in files require either the.htm or the.htmlfile name extension. Making errors while coding in conventional programming languages like C, C++ and Java often produces a fatal error, preventing the program from running. Errors in HTML code are usually not fatal. The browser will make its best effort at rendering the page, but will probably not display the page as you intended. In our Common Programming Errors and Testing and Debugging Tips, we highlight common HTML errors and how to detect and correct them. For most Web servers, the filename of your home page should be index.html. When a browser requests a directory, the default Web server response is to return index.html, if it exists in that directory.
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Appendix I Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1391 Fig. I.9 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.9g. I.99Nested and ordered lists in HTML. (Part 3 of 3.) Fig. I. Our first nested list begins on line 24, and its first element is on 25.

• New games

A nested list is created in the same way as the list in Fig. I.8, except that the nested list is itself contained in a list element. Most Web browsers render nested lists by indenting the list one level and changing the bullet type for the list elements. Good Programming Practice I.10 Indenting each level of a nested list in your code makes the code easier to edit and debug. In Fig. I.9, lines 16 57 show a list with three levels of nesting. When nesting lists, be sure to insert the closing

tags in the appropriate places. Lines 63 67
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1390 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I 19

You have access to new media as it becomes public: 20 21 22 23 29

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• For business

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• For pleasure

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34 35

Around the clock news

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Search engines

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Shopping

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Programming 39 40

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• C#

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• Java

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• HTML

44

• Scripts

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• New languages

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47 48

49 50

51

52 53

Links

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Keeping in touch with old friends

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It is the technology of the future!

56 57

58 59

My 3 Favorite CEOs

60 61 62 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

The Best Features of the Internet

15 16

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• You can meet new people from countries around 18 the world.

Fig. I.9 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.9g. I.99Nested and ordered lists in HTML. (Part 1 of 3.) Fig. I.
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1388 Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 Appendix I inserts a horizontal rule, indicated by the

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tag. A horizontal rule is rendered by most browsers as a straight line going across the screen horizontally. The hrelement also inserts a line break directly below it. I.9 Unordered Lists Figure I.8 demonstrates displaying text in an unordered list. Here, we reuse the HTML file from Fig. I.3, adding an unordered list to enhance the structure of the page. The unordered list element ul creates a list in which every line begins with a bullet mark in most Web browsers. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Here are my favorite Internet Search Engines

15 16 17

Click on the Search Engine address to go to that 18 page.

19 20

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• 22 Yahoo 23

24 25

• 26 AltaVista 27

28 29

• 30 Ask Jeeves 31

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• 34 WebCrawler 35

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37 38 39 Fig. I.8 Fig. I.Fig.Fi I.8g. I.88Unordered lists in HTML. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. I.
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