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1354 Unicode Appendix G The Consortium section consists of five subsections: Who we are, Our Members, How to Join, Press Info and Contact Us. This section provides a list of the current Unicode Consortium members as well as information on how to become a member. Privileges for each member type full, associate, specialist and individual and the fees assessed to each member are listed here. The Unicode Standard section consists of nine subsections: Start Here, Latest Version, Technical Reports, Code Charts, Unicode Data, Updates & Errata, Unicode Policies, Glossary and Technical FAQ. This section describes the updates applied to the latest version of the Unicode Standard, as well as categorizing all defined encoding. The user can learn how the latest version has been modified to encompass more features and capabilities. For instance, one enhancement of Version 3.1 is that it contains additional encoded characters. Also, if users are unfamiliar with vocabulary terms used by the Unicode Consortium, then they can navigate to the Glossary subsection. The Work in Progress section consists of three subsections: Calendar of Meetings, Proposed Characters and Submitting Proposals. This section presents the user with a catalog of the recent characters included into the Unicode Standard scheme as well as those characters being considered for inclusion. If users determine that a character has been overlooked, then they can submit a written proposal for the inclusion of that character. The Submitting Proposals subsection contains strict guidelines that must be adhered to when submitting written proposals. The For Members section consists of two subsections: Member Resources and Working Documents. These subsections are password protected; only consortium members can access these links. G.6 Using Unicode Visual Studio .NET uses Unicode UTF-16 encoding to represent all characters. Figure G.3 uses C# to display the text Welcome to Unicode! in eight different languages: English, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Simplified Chinese. [Note: The Unicode Consortium s Web site contains a link to code charts that lists the 16-bit Unicode code values.] 1 // Fig F.3: Unicode.cs 2 // Using unicode encoding 3 4 using System; 5 using System.Drawing; 6 using System.Collections; 7 using System.ComponentModel; 8 using System.Windows.Forms; 9 using System.Data; 10 11 public class Unicode : System.Windows.Forms.Form 12 { 13 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblChinese; 14 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblSpanish; 15 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblRussian; Fig. G.3 Unicode values for multiple languages. (Part 1 of 3.)
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Appendix G Unicode 1353 G.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Unicode The Unicode Standard has several significant advantages that promote its use. One is the impact it has on the performance of the international economy. Unicode standardizes the characters for the world s writing systems to a uniform model that promotes transferring and sharing data. Programs developed using such a schema maintain their accuracy because each character has a single definition (i.e., a is always U+0061, % is always U+0025). This enables corporations to manage the high demands of international markets by processing different writing systems at the same time. Also, all characters can be managed in an identical manner, thus avoiding any confusion caused by different character code architectures. Moreover, managing data in a consistent manner eliminates data corruption, because data can be sorted, searched and manipulated using a consistent process. Another advantage of the Unicode Standard is portability (i.e., the ability to execute software on disparate computers or with disparate operating systems). Most operating systems, databases, programming languages and Web browsers currently support, or are planning to support, Unicode. Additionally, Unicode includes more characters than any other character set in common use (although it does not yet include all of the world s characters). A disadvantage of the Unicode Standard is the amount of memory required by UTF16 and UTF-32. ASCII character sets are 8 bits in length, so they require less storage than the default 16-bit Unicode character set. However, the double-byte character set (DBCS) and the multi-byte character set (MBCS) that encode Asian characters (ideographs) require two to four bytes, respectively. In such instances, the UTF-16 or the UTF-32 encoding forms may be used with little hindrance on memory and performance. G.5 Unicode Consortium s Web Site If you would like to learn more about the Unicode Standard, visit www.unicode.org. This site provides a wealth of information about the Unicode Standard. Currently, the home page is organized into various sections: New to Unicode, General Information, The Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Work in Progress and For Members. The New to Unicode section consists of two subsections: What is Unicode? and How to Use this Site. The first subsection provides a technical introduction to Unicode by describing design principles, character interpretations and assignments, text processing and Unicode conformance. This subsection is recommended reading for anyone new to Unicode. Also, this subsection provides a list of related links that provide the reader with additional information about Unicode. The How to Use this Site subsection contains information about using and navigating the site as well hyperlinks to additional resources. The General Information section contains six subsections: Where is my Character?, Display Problems?, Useful Resources, Enabled Products, Mail Lists and Conferences. The main areas covered in this section include a link to the Unicode code charts (a complete listing of code values) assembled by the Unicode Consortium as well as a detailed outline on how to locate an encoded character in the code chart. Also, the section contains advice on how to configure different operating systems and Web browsers so that the Unicode characters can be viewed properly. Moreover, from this section, the user can navigate to other sites that provide information on various topics such as, fonts, linguistics and other standards such as the Armenian Standards Page and the Chinese GB 18030 Encoding Standard.
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1352 Unicode Appendix G Typically, the UTF-8 encoding form should be used where computer systems and business protocols require data to be handled in 8-bit units, particularly in legacy systems being upgraded because it often simplifies changes to existing programs. For this reason, UTF-8 has become the encoding form of choice on the Internet. Likewise, UTF-16 is the encoding form of choice on Microsoft Windows applications. UTF-32 is likely to become more widely used in the future as more characters are encoded with values above FFFF hexadecimal. Also, UTF-32 requires less sophisticated handling than UTF-16 in the presence of surrogate pairs. Figure G.1 shows the different ways in which the three encoding forms handle character encoding. G.3 Characters and Glyphs The Unicode Standard consists of characters, written components (i.e., alphabetic letters, numerals, punctuation marks, accent marks, etc.) that can be represented by numeric values. Examples of characters include U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A. In the first character representation, U+yyyy is a code value, in which U+ refers to Unicode code values, as opposed to other hexadecimal values. The yyyy represents a four-digit hexadecimal number of an encoded character. Code values are bit combinations that represent encoded characters. Characters are represented using glyphs, various shapes, fonts and sizes for displaying characters. There are no code values for glyphs in the Unicode Standard. Examples of glyphs are shown in Fig. G.2. The Unicode Standard encompasses the alphabets, ideographs, syllabaries, punctuation marks, diacritics, mathematical operators, etc. that comprise the written languages and scripts of the world. A diacritic is a special mark added to a character to distinguish it from another letter or to indicate an accent (e.g., in Spanish, the tilde ~ above the character n ). Currently, Unicode provides code values for 94,140 character representations, with more than 880,000 code values reserved for future expansion. Character UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A 0×41 0×0041 0×00000041 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA 0xCD 0×91 0×0391 0×00000391 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH4E95 0xE4 0xBA 0×95 0×4E95 0×00004E95 OLD ITALIC LETTER A 0xF0 0×80 0×83 0×80 0xDC00 0xDF00 0×00010300 Fig. G.1 FiFiFigggg…. GGGG….111Fi Correlation between the three encoding forms. Fig. G.2 Fig. G.Fig..Fi G2g. G.2G.2Various glyphs of the character A. Fig.
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Appendix G Unicode 1351 Unicode Consortium, whose members include Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun Microsystems, Sybase and many others. When the Consortium envisioned and developed the Unicode Standard, they wanted an encoding system that was universal, efficient, uniform and unambiguous. A universal encoding system encompasses all commonly used characters. An efficient encoding system allows text files to be parsed easily. A uniform encoding system assigns fixed values to all characters. An unambiguous encoding system represents a given character in a consistent manner. These four terms are referred to as the Unicode Standard design basis. G.2 Unicode Transformation Formats Although Unicode incorporates the limited ASCII character set (i.e., a collection of characters), it encompasses a more comprehensive character set. In ASCII, each character is represented by a byte containing 0s and 1s. One byte is capable of storing the binary numbers from 0 to 255. Each character is assigned a number between 0 and 255; thus, ASCII-based systems can support only 256 characters, a tiny fraction of the world s characters. Unicode extends the ASCII character set by encoding the vast majority of the world s characters. The Unicode Standard encodes all of those characters in a uniform numerical space from 0 to 10FFFF hexadecimal. An implementation will express these numbers in one of several transformation formats, choosing the one that best fits the particular application at hand. Three such formats are in use, called UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32, depending on the size of the units in bits being used. UTF-8, a variable width encoding form, requires one to four bytes to express each Unicode character. UTF-8 data consists of 8-bit bytes (sequences of one, two, three or four bytes depending on the character being encoded) and is well suited for ASCII-based systems when there is a predominance of one-byte characters (ASCII represents characters as one-byte). Currently, UTF-8 is widely implemented in UNIX systems and in databases. [Note: Currently, Internet Explorer 5.5 and Netscape Communicator 6 only support UTF-8, so document authors should use UTF-8 for encoding XML and XHTML documents.] The variable width UTF-16 encoding form expresses Unicode characters in units of 16-bits (i.e., as two adjacent bytes, or a short integer in many machines). Most characters of Unicode are expressed in a single 16-bit unit. However, characters with values above FFFF hexadecimal are expressed with an ordered pair of 16-bit units called surrogates. Surrogates are 16-bit integers in the range D800 through DFFF, which are used solely for the purpose of escaping into higher numbered characters. Approximately one million characters can be expressed in this manner. Although a surrogate pair requires 32 bits to represent characters, it is space efficient to use these 16-bit units. Surrogates are rare characters in current implementations. Many string-handling implementations are written in terms of UTF-16. [Note: Details and sample code for UTF-16 handling are available on the Unicode Consortium Web site at www.unicode.org.] Implementations that require significant use of rare characters or entire scripts encoded above FFFF hexadecimal should use UTF-32, a 32-bit, fixed-width encoding form that usually requires twice as much memory as UTF-16 encoded characters. The major advantage of the fixed-width UTF-32 encoding form is that it expresses all characters uniformly, so it is easy to handle in arrays. There are few guidelines that state when to use a particular encoding form. The best encoding form to use depends on computer systems and business protocols, not on the data.
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1350 Unicode Appendix G Outline G.1 Introduction G.2 Unicode Transformation Formats G.3 Characters and Glyphs G.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Unicode G.5 Unicode Consortium s Web Site G.6 Using Unicode G.7 Character Ranges Summary Terminology Self-Review Exercises Answers to Self-Review Exercises Exercises G.1 Introduction The use of inconsistent character encodings (i.e., numeric values associated with characters) when developing global software products causes serious problems because computers process information using numbers. For example, the character a is converted to a numeric value so that a computer can manipulate that piece of data. Many countries and corporations have developed their own encoding systems that are incompatible with the encoding systems of other countries and corporations. For example, the Microsoft Windows operating system assigns the value 0xC0 to the character A with a grave accent, while the Apple Macintosh operating system assigns that same value to an upside-down question mark. This results in the misrepresentation and possible corruption of data because the data is not processed as intended. In the absence of a widely implemented universal character encoding standard, global software developers had to localize their products extensively before distribution. Localization includes the language translation and cultural adaptation of content. The process of localization usually includes significant modifications to the source code (such as the conversion of numeric values and the underlying assumptions made by programmers), which results in increased costs and delays releasing the software. For example, some Englishspeaking programmers might design global software products assuming that a single character can be represented by one byte. However, when those products are localized for Asian markets, the programmer s assumptions are no longer valid; thus, the majority, if not the entirety, of the code needs to be rewritten. Localization is necessary with each release of a version. By the time a software product is localized for a particular market, a newer version, which needs to be localized as well, may be ready for distribution. As a result, it is cumbersome and costly to produce and distribute global software products in a market where there is no universal character encoding standard. In response to this situation, the Unicode Standard, an encoding standard that facilitates the production and distribution of software, was created. The Unicode Standard outlines a specification to produce consistent encoding of the world s characters and symbols. Software products that handle text encoded in the Unicode Standard need to be localized, but the localization process is simpler and more efficient because the numeric values need not be converted and the assumptions made by programmers about the character encoding are universal. The Unicode Standard is maintained by a nonprofit organization called the
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G Unicode Objectives To become familiar with Unicode. To discuss the mission of the Unicode Consortium. To discuss the design basis of Unicode. To understand the three Unicode encoding forms: UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32. To introduce characters and glyphs. To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using Unicode. To provide a brief tour of the Unicode Consortium s Web site.
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F ASCII Character Set 0123456789 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 nul soh stx etx eot enq ack bel bs ht nl vt ff cr so si dle dc1 dc2 dc3 dc4 nak syn etb can em sub esc fs gs rs us sp ! ” # $ % & ( ) * + , -. / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ del Fig. F.1 ASCII character set. The digits at the left of the table are the left digits of the decimal equivalent (0 127) of the character code, and the digits at the top of the table are the right digits of the character code. For example, the character code for F is 70, and the character code for & is 38. Most users of this book are interested in the ASCII character set used to represent English characters on many computers. The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode character set used by C# to represent characters from most of the world s languages. For more information on the Unicode character set, see Appendix G.
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Appendix E Generating Documentation in Visual Studio 1347 SUMMARY Programmers should document specific information on a class, such as the class s role in a system, the functionality that each method provides for the class and the purpose of each class variable. Documentation helps all programmers understand how classes can interoperate, as well as facilitate modification, use and extension of each class. Visual Studio .NET provides the XML documentation tool. This tool converts key pieces of information in the code such as the class s members, the hierarchy to which the class belongs and any other general remarks the programmer wishes to document to HTML or XML format. The programmer specifies the general remarks to be documented by placing them in special regions in the code, called XML documentation comments. The documentation-generation tool recognizes only single-line comments that begin with three forward slashes (///). The compiler does not translate documentation comments to MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language). The programmer can place a description (i.e., purpose) of the class in between summary tags. Element returnscontains information on the return value. Similarly, the param element contains information on a method s parameters. Element c marked up regions of code in the comments. The remarks tag enables programmers to document any miscellaneous information or detailed comments relating to a member. The see tag is used to reference another member (method, constant, property, etc.).
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1346 Generating Documentation in Visual Studio Appendix E 219

220 Entry point of application. 221

222 223 In this application all command-line arguments 224 are ignored. 225 226
227 Optional arguments to Main. 228 229 230 231 232 Fig. E.8 Fig. E.Fig.Fi E.8g. E.88XML documentation generated by Visual Studio .NET. (Part 6 of 6.) Fig. E. Notice that only class members are included in the generated XML file. Each class member has a member element which includes all XML comments for that member. For example, lines 50 69 define a memberelement that contains information on the two-argument Pointconstructor. The name attribute of a membertag is a stringthat contains information about the name and type of the member. The type is specified by a capital letter: M stands for method, P for property (or indexer), E for event and T for type (i.e, class). For a complete listing of these abbreviations, select Help > Index, then locate the topic processing XML files in C#. In Fig. E.8, line 51 contains the value of the name attribute and contains an Mas the first letter, indicating that line 51 declares a method (recall that a constructor is a specialized method). A colon follows, after which the full name of the method is shown. For this example, it is CircleTest. Point.#ctor(System.Int32,System.Int32). Because this is a constructor, the string #ctor is used in the fully qualified name. This constructor takes two int arguments the parentheses after the name of each member specify that member s type. TERMINOLOGY ///(documentation comment) nameattribute of memberelement Build Comment Web Pages paraelement celement paramelement class definition parameters constructor property creating XML documentation reference directory remarkselement documentation return value Documentation column returnselement HTML seeelement instance variable source code interface definition style sheet member summaryelement memberelement tag Members column valueelement method declaration XML documentation comment
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Appendix E Generating Documentation in Visual Studio 1345 166

167 Computes the area of the circle. 168

169 170 Uses constant Math.PI 171 172 173 174 Returns the area of the circle. 175 176 177 178 179

180 Converts the Circle to 181 string format. 182

183 184 Overrides ToString method of base class. 185 186 187 188 Returns a string that includes the center of the 189 circle and its radius. 190 191 192 193 194

195 Provides get and set access to member 196 radius. 197

198 199 The set method 200 ensures that radius 201 is not set to a 202 negative number. 203 204 205 Radius accesses the value of the 206 radius data member. 207 208 209 210 211

212 Class CircleTest inherits from class 213 tests the Point and 214 Point classes. 215

216 217 218 Fig. E.8 Fig. E.Fig.Fi E.8g. E.88XML documentation generated by Visual Studio .NET. (Part 5 of 6.) Fig. E.
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