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1364 COM Integration Appendix H Once students register the ActiveX control, they must add it to the Visual Studio IDE s toolbox. To accomplish this, right click the toolbox and select Customize Toolbox (Fig. H.2). The Customize Toolbox lists all the COM components that are registered on the machine. Select the Deitel LabelScrollbar .OCX file to add the LabelScrollbar to the toolbox and then click OK. When you add the LabelScrollBar to your Web form Visual Studio generates libraries Deitel and AxDeiteland adds them to the references in the Solution Explorer. The first reference (Deitel) is the Common Runtime Library proxy, which allows the programmer to access the ActiveX component s methods and properties from .NET code. The second reference (AxDeitel) is the Windows Forms proxy, which allows the programmer to add the ActiveX component to a form. In this context a proxy is an object which allows .NET code to interact with COM code, we discuss the interaction between .NET and COM in greater detail in the next section. Note that, once the LabelScrollbar is added to the toolbox, two DLL files are generated in the bindirectory of the application: AxInterop.Deitel.dlland Interop.Deitel.dll. The first image in Fig. H.3 depicts the IDE toolbox after the LabelScrollBarhas been added. The second image displays a list of the LabelScrollBar control properties, consisting of properties defined in the ActiveX control (i.e., Min, Max, Small- Change, LargeChange, and Value) and Visual Studio-defined properties (e.g., Anchor, Dockand Location). To demonstrate LabelScrollBar s functionality, we add three LabelScrollbars to a form (Fig. H.4). These controls enable a user to select RGB values (i.e., red, green and blue) that specify the color of a PictureBox. Fig. H.2 Fig. H.2Fig. H.FiFi2g. H.2g. H.2Customize Toolbox dialog with an ActiveX control selected.
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Appendix H COM Integration 1363 and backwards compatibility and defines a communication standard among libraries. Microsoft defined the COM specification to be detailed and strict, thus ensuring that COM developers create compatible libraries. Microsoft also implemented the COM architecture on a large scale virtually all Windows libraries adhere to the COM specification. When implemented correctly, COM ensures highly organized and reusable libraries, but the specification does have limitations. For example, COM is difficult to program and deploy, because developers must guarantee that new COM components are both compatible with previous versions and correctly registered with the system. If a COM library is placed on a system without proper registration, the component will not be represented correctly in the registry, and applications might be unable to find or use the library. In the .NET platform, COM components are no longer necessary. Microsoft .NET components retain the benefits of COM while resolving many of its associated problems. Components in .NET maintain all identification information internally the independence of the component from the Windows Registry ensures correct component identification. Many developers and companies have invested significant resources in the development of COM components, but want to harness the power, organization and functionality of .NET. To facilitate developers migration from COM to .NET, Microsoft created a set of tools designed to integrate existing COM components into the .NET platform. H.2 ActiveX Integration In recent years, ActiveX controls have been popular COM components. C# allows developers to import and use ActiveX controls in Windows Forms applications. We include an ActiveX LabelScrollbarcontrol on the CD that accompanies this book which we now use to demonstrate Microsoft s ActiveX integration utility. To use this control, students first must register the .OCXfile in the Windows Registry. To register the control, open a Command Prompt and invoke the RegSvr32utility program which is located in the directory c:winntsystem32. (This path might vary among different computers and Windows versions.) Figure H.1 depicts the successful registration of the LabelScrollbarActiveX control. Fig. H.1 Fig. H.Fig..Fi H1g. H.1H.1ActiveX control registration. Fig.
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H COM Integration H.1 Introduction Initially, applications created for Windows or DOS were designed as single monolithic executables i.e., complete applications packaged as single executable files. However, as software became more complex, developers began to experience difficulties constructing all the necessary components of an application. Furthermore, as the size of applications increased, it became impractical to redistribute an entire application to accommodate each application upgrade or bug fix. To address these problems, Microsoft incorporated shared libraries into Windows, enabling developers to reuse and modularize code. A shared library, or dynamic link library (DLL) in Windows, is a file that contains compiled code that an application loads at execution time. The fact that these libraries are loaded at runtime allows developers to modify specific libraries and test the results without rebuilding an entire application. Multiple applications can use a single shared library, which reduces the overall memory requirements for running those applications. The partitioning of programs into small pieces also makes it easier to distribute application upgrades, because only the modified DLLs must be redistributed. The introduction of shared libraries solved many problems that previously had restricted modularity and code reusability. However, the libraries also raised new concerns. Monolithic applications rarely created version conflicts if an application vendor fixed a bug in one piece of software, it was unlikely that the upgrade would affect any other software on the system. With the establishment of system-wide shared libraries, a vendor s upgrade or modification of a library could break software that used an older version of that library. Often, developers packaged DLLs with their applications to ensure software compatibility. However, the packaged DLLs could overwrite preexisting libraries on users systems, possibly affecting previously installed software. Problems introduced by shared libraries were so difficult to locate and fix that their effects became known as DLL hell. Microsoft developed the Component Object Model (COM) in an attempt to expand DLL functionality and correct DLL problems. COM is a specification that controls library versions
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Appendix G Unicode 1361 e) UTF-16. f) UTF-32. G.6 Describe a scenario where it is optimal to store your data in UTF-16 format. G.7 Using the Unicode Standard code values, create a C# document that prints your first and last name. If you know other writing systems, print your first and last name in those as well. Use a Windows form to render the document. G.8 Write an ASP.NET program that prints Welcome to Unicode! in English, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Traditional Chinese. Use the code values provided in Fig. G.3. In ASP.NET, a code value is represented the same way as in a Windows application (uyyyy, where yyyy is a four-digit hexadecimal number).
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1360 Unicode Appendix G uniform (Unicode design basis) UTF-32 universal (Unicode design basis) UTF-8 UTF-16 SELF-REVIEW EXERCISES G.1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements. a) Global software developers had to their products to a specific market before distribution. b) The Unicode Standard is an standard that facilitates the uniform production and distribution of software products. c) The four design basis that constitute the Unicode Standard are: , , and . d) A is the smallest written component the can be represented with a numeric value. e) Software that can execute on different operating systems is said to be . f) Of the three encoding forms, is currently supported by Internet Explorer 5.5 and Netscape Communicator 6. G.2 State whether each of the following is true or false. If false, explain why. a) The Unicode Standard encompasses all the world s characters. b) A Unicode code value is represented as U+yyyy, where yyyy represents a number in binary notation. c) A diacritic is a character with a special mark that emphasizes an accent. d) Unicode is portable. e) When designing C# programs, the entity reference is denoted by #U+yyyy. ANSWERS TO SELF-REVIEW EXERCISES G.1 a) localize. b) encoding. c) universal, efficient, uniform, unambiguous. d) character. e) portable. f) UTF-8. G.2 a) False. It encompasses the majority of the world s characters. b) False. The yyyy represents a hexadecimal number. c) False. A diacritic is a special mark added to a character to distinguish it from another letter or to indicate an accent. d) True. e) False. The entity reference is denoted by uyyyy. EXERCISES G.3 Navigate to the Unicode Consortium Web site (www.unicode.org) and write the hexadecimal code values for the following characters. In which block are they located? a) Latin letter Z. b) Latin letter n with the tilde (~). c) Greek letter delta. d) Mathematical operator less than or equal to. e) Punctuation symbol open quote ( ). G.4 Describe the Unicode Standard design basis. G.5 Define the following terms: a) code value. b) surrogates. c) Unicode Standard. d) UTF-8.
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Appendix G Unicode 1359 UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding form that is more compact for text involving mostly Latin characters and ASCII punctuation. UTF-16 is the default encoding form of the Unicode Standard. It is a variable width encoding form that uses 16-bit code units instead of bytes. Most characters are represented by a single unit, but some characters require surrogate pairs. Surrogates are 16-bit integers in the range D800 through DFFF, which are used solely for the purpose of escaping into higher numbered characters. Without surrogate pairs, the UTF-16 encoding form can only encompass 65,000 characters, but with the surrogate pairs, this is expanded to include over a million characters. UTF-32 is a 32-bit encoding form. The major advantage of the fixed-width encoding form is that it uniformly expresses all characters, so that they are easy to handle in arrays and so forth. The Unicode Standard consists of characters. A character is any written component that can be represented by a numeric value. Characters are represented using glyphs, various shapes, fonts and sizes for displaying characters. Code values are bit combinations that represent encoded characters. The Unicode notation for a code value is U+yyyy in which U+ refers to the Unicode code values, as opposed to other hexadecimal values. The yyyy represents a four-digit hexadecimal number. Currently, the Unicode Standard provides code values for 94,140 character representations. An advantage of the Unicode Standard is its impact on the overall performance of the international economy. Applications that conform to an encoding standard can be processed easily by computers anywhere. Another advantage of the Unicode Standard is its portability. Applications written in Unicode can be easily transferred to different operating systems, databases, Web browsers, etc. Most companies currently support, or are planning to support, Unicode. To obtain more information about the Unicode Standard and the Unicode Consortium, visit www.unicode.org. It contains a link to the code charts, which contain the 16-bit code values for the currently encoded characters. The Unicode Standard has become the default encoding system for XML and any language derived from XML, such as XHTML. The C# IDE uses Unicode UTF-16 encoding to represent all characters. When marking up C# documents, the entity reference uyyyy is used, where yyyy represents the hexadecimal code value. TERMINOLOGY uyyyy notation hexadecimal notation ASCII localization block multi-byte character set (MBCS) character portability character set script code value surrogate diacritic symbol double-byte character set (DBCS) unambiguous (Unicode design basis) efficient (Unicode design basis) Unicode Consortium encode Unicode design basis entity reference Unicode Standard glyph Unicode Transformation Format (UTF)
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1358 Unicode Appendix G Script Range of Code Values Khmer (Cambodia) U+1780 U+17FF Lao (Laos) U+0E80 U+0EFF Mongolian U+1800 U+18AF Myanmar U+1000 U+109F Ogham (Ireland) U+1680 U+169F Runic (Germany and Scandinavia) U+16A0 U+16FF Sinhala (Sri Lanka) U+0D80 U+0DFF Telugu (India) U+0C00 U+0C7F Thai U+0E00 U+0E7F Fi Fig. G.4 Fig. G.Fig. G.Fi4g. G.4g.G.4Some character ranges. (Part 2 of 2.) SUMMARY Before Unicode, software developers were plagued by the use of inconsistent character encoding (i.e., numeric values for characters). Most countries and organizations had their own encoding systems, which were incompatible. A good example is the individual encoding systems on the Windows and Macintosh platforms. Computers process data by converting characters to numeric values. For instance, the character a is converted to a numeric value so that a computer can manipulate that piece of data. Without Unicode, localization of global software requires significant modifications to the source code, which results in increased cost and in delays releasing the product. Localization is necessary with each release of a version. By the time a software product is localized for a particular market, a newer version, which needs to be localized as well, is ready for distribution. As a result, it is cumbersome and costly to produce and distribute global software products in a market where there is no universal character encoding standard. The Unicode Consortium developed the Unicode Standard in response to the serious problems created by multiple character encodings and the use of those encodings. The Unicode Standard facilitates the production and distribution of localized software. It outlines a specification for the consistent encoding of the world s characters and symbols. Software products which handle text encoded in the Unicode Standard need to be localized, but the localization process is simpler and more efficient because the numeric values need not be converted. The Unicode Standard is designed to be universal, efficient, uniform and unambiguous. A universal encoding system encompasses all commonly used characters; an efficient encoding system parses text files easily; a uniform encoding system assigns fixed values to all characters; and an unambiguous encoding system represents the same character for any given value. Unicode extends the limited ASCII character set to include all the major characters of the world. Unicode makes use of three Unicode Transformation Formats (UTF): UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32, each of which may be appropriate for use in different contexts. UTF-8 data consists of 8-bit bytes (sequences of one, two, three or four bytes depending on the character being encoded) and is well suited for ASCII-based systems when there is a predominance of one-byte characters (ASCII represents characters as one-byte).
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Appendix G Unicode 1357 code. Unicode is not encoded because it is a registered trademark and has no equivalent translation in most languages. Line 40 also contains the u0021notation for the exclamation mark (!). The remaining welcome messages (lines 43 96) contain the unicode values for the other seven languages. The code values used for the French, German, Portuguese and Spanish text are located in the Basic Latin block, the code values used for the Simplified Chinese text are located in the CJK Unified Ideographs block, the code values used for the Russian text are located in the Cyrillic block and the code values used for the Japanese text are located in the Hiragana block. [Note: To render the Asian characters in a Windows application, you may need to install the proper language files on your computer. To do this in Windows 2000, open the Regional Options dialog from the Control Panel (Start > Settings > Control Panel). At the bottom of the General tab is a list of languages. Check the Japanese and the Traditional Chinese checkboxes and press Apply. Follow the directions of the install wizard to install the languages. For additional assistance, visit www.unicode. org/help/display_problems.html.] G.7 Character Ranges The Unicode Standard assigns code values, which range from 0000 (Basic Latin) to E007F(Tags), to the written characters of the world. Currently, there are code values for 94,140 characters. To simplify the search for a character and its associated code value, the Unicode Standard generally groups code values by script and function (i.e., Latin characters are grouped in a block, mathematical operators are grouped in another block, etc.). As a rule, a script is a single writing system that is used for multiple languages (e.g., the Latin script is used for English, French, Spanish, etc.) The Code Charts page on the Unicode Consortium Web site lists all the defined blocks and their respective code values. Figure G.4 lists some blocks (scripts) from the Web site and their range of code values. Script Range of Code Values Arabic U+0600 U+06FF Basic Latin U+0000 U+007F Bengali (India) U+0980 U+09FF Cherokee (Native America) U+13A0 U+13FF CJK Unified Ideographs (East Asia) U+4E00 U+9FAF Cyrillic (Russia and Eastern Europe) U+0400 U+04FF Ethiopic U+1200 U+137F Greek U+0370 U+03FF Hangul Jamo (Korea) U+1100 U+11FF Hebrew U+0590 U+05FF Hiragana (Japan) U+3040 U+309F Fi Fig. G.4 Fig. G.Fig. G.Fi4g. G.4g.G.4Some character ranges. (Part 1 of 2.)
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1356 Unicode Appendix G 69 70 lblPortuguese.Text = new string(portuguese) + 71 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 72 73 // Russian 74 char[] russian = { ‘u0414′, ‘u043E’, ‘u0431′, 75 ‘u0440′, ‘u043E’, ‘u0020′, ‘u043F’, ‘u043E’, 76 ‘u0436′, ‘u0430′, ‘u043B’, ‘u043E’, ‘u0432′, 77 ‘u0430′, ‘u0442′, ‘u044A’, ‘u0020′, ‘u0432′, 78 ‘u0020′ }; 79 80 lblRussian.Text = new string(russian) + 81 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 82 83 // Spanish 84 char[] spanish = {’u0042′, ‘u0069′, ‘u0065′, 85 ‘u006E’, ‘u0076′, ‘u0065′, ‘u006E’, ‘u0069′, 86 ‘u0064′, ‘u006F’, ‘u0020′, ‘u0061′, ‘u0020′ }; 87 88 lblSpanish.Text = new string(spanish) + 89 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 90 91 // Simplified Chinese 92 char[] chinese = {’u6B22′, ‘u8FCE’, ‘u4F7F’, 93 ‘u7528′, ‘u0020′ }; 94 95 lblChinese.Text = new string(chinese) + 96 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 97 } // end method Unicode_Load 98 } // end class Unicode Fig. G.3 Unicode values for multiple languages. (Part 3 of 3.) Lines 35 37 contain the hexadecimal codes for the English text. The Code Charts page on the Unicode Consortium Web site contains a document that lists the code values for the Basic Latin block (or category), which includes the English alphabet. The hexadecimal codes in lines 35 36 equate to Welcome . When using Unicode characters in C#, the format uyyyy is used, where yyyy represents the hexadecimal Unicode encoding. For example, the letter W (in Welcome ) is denoted by u0057. Line 36 contains the hexadecimal for the space character (u0020). The unicode value for the word to is on line 37. Lines 39 40 create a new string from the character array and append the word Uni
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Appendix G Unicode 1355 16 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblPortuguese; 17 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblJapanese; 18 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblGerman; 19 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblFrench; 20 internal System.Windows.Forms.Label lblEnglish; 21 private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null; 22 23 // Visual Studio .NET generated code 24 25 // main entry point for the application. 26 [STAThread] 27 static void Main() 28 { 29 Application.Run(new Unicode()); 30 } 31 32 private void Unicode_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e) 33 { 34 // English 35 char[] english = {’u0057′, ‘u0065′, ‘u006C’, 36 ‘u0063′, ‘u006F’, ‘u006D’, ‘u0065′, ‘u0020′, 37 ‘u0074′, ‘u006F’, ‘u0020′ }; 38 39 lblEnglish.Text = new string(english) + 40 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 41 42 // French 43 char[] french = { ‘u0042′, ‘u0069′, ‘u0065′, 44 ‘u006E’, ‘u0076′, ‘u0065′, ‘u006E’, ‘u0075′, 45 ‘u0065′, ‘u0020′, ‘u0061′, ‘u0075′, ‘u0020′ }; 46 47 lblFrench.Text = new string(french) + 48 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 49 50 // German 51 char[] german = {’u0057′, ‘u0069′, ‘u006C’, 52 ‘u006B’, ‘u006F’, ‘u006D’, ‘u006D’, ‘u0065′, 53 ‘u006E’, ‘u0020′, ‘u007A’, ‘u0075′, ‘u0020′}; 54 55 lblGerman.Text = new string(german) + 56 “Unicode” + ‘u0021′; 57 58 // Japanese 59 char[] japanese = { ‘u3078′, ‘u3087′, ‘u3045′, 60 ‘u3053′, ‘u305D’, ‘u0021′}; 61 62 lblJapanese.Text = “Unicode” + new string(japanese); 63 64 // Portuguese 65 char[] portuguese = {’u0053′, ‘u0065′, ‘u006A’, 66 ‘u0061′, ‘u0020′, ‘u0062′, ‘u0065′, ‘u006D’, 67 ‘u0020′, ‘u0076′, ‘u0069′, ‘u006E’, ‘u0064′, 68 ‘u006F’, ‘u0020′, ‘u0061′, ‘u0020′ }; Fig. G.3 Unicode values for multiple languages. (Part 2 of 3.)
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