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Appendix D Visual Studio .NET Debugger 1317 By entering the variables and expressions that are relevant to a program s logic error, programmers can trace incorrect values to the source of the error and eliminate it. For example, to debug the program in Fig. D.2, we might enter the expression i*x in the Watch window. When we reach the breakpoint for the first time, the expression has a value 100 instead of 90, which indicates a logic error in our program. This occurs because the loop at lines 17 18 started multiplying x by 10as opposed to multiplying by 9. We subtract 1from the initial value that the forloop assigns to i(i.e., change 10to 9) to correct the error. If a Name field in the Watch window contains a variable name, the variable s value can be modified for debugging purposes. To modify a variable s value, click its value in the Value field and enter a new value. Any modified value appears in red. If an expression is invalid, an error appears in the Value field. For example, Variable- ThatDoesNotExist is not an identifier used in the program (fourth line in Fig. D.7). Therefore, Visual Studio .NET issues an error message in the Value field. To remove an expression, select it and press Delete. Visual Studio also provides the Locals, Autos and This windows (Fig. D.8), which are similar to the Watch window, except the programmer does not specify their contents. The Locals window displays the name and current value for all the variables that have block scope in the method containing the current statement (indicated by the yellow arrow in Fig. D.6). The Autos window displays the variables and values of the current statement and the previous statement. Variables can be changed in either window by clicking the appropriate Value field and entering a new value. The This window displays data that has class scope for an object. If the program is inside a staticmethod (such as method Main in a console application), the This window is empty. Fig. D.8 Fig. D.8Fig. D.FiFi8g. D.8g. D.8Autos, Locals and This windows.
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1316 Visual Studio .NET Debugger Appendix D Title bar displays [break] Yellow arrow indicates next statement to be executed Fig. D.6 Fig. D.Fig..Fi D6g. D.6D.6Execution suspended at a breakpoint. Fig. Expressions Fig. D.7 Fig. D.7Fig. D.FiFi7g. D.7g. D.7Watch window. Upon first opening, the Watch window will not contain any expressions to evaluate. To examine data, type an expression into the Name field. Most valid C# expressions can be entered in the Name field, including expressions that contain method calls. Consult the documentation under debugger, expressions for a full description of valid expressions. Once an expression is entered, its type and value appear in the Value and Type fields. The first expression entered is the variable i, which has a value of 10(line 12 assigns the value of 10to variable x, and line 17 assigns the value of xto i). The Watch window also can evaluate more complex arithmetic expressions (e.g, (i +3) * 5). Thus, the Watch window provides a convenient way to display various types of program data without modifying code.
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Appendix D Visual Studio .NET Debugger 1315 Debug setting Fig. D.4 Fig. D.Fig..Fi D4g. D.4D.4Debug configuration setting. Fig. Selecting Debug > Start compiles the program and begins debugging. When debugging a console application, the console window appears (Fig. D.5), allowing program interaction (input and output). When the debugger reaches the breakpoint (line 18) program execution is suspended, and the IDE becomes the active window. Programmers may need to switch between the IDE and the console window while debugging programs. Figure D.6 shows the IDE with program execution suspended at the breakpoint. The yellow arrow to the left of the statement x *= i; indicates the line at which execution is suspended and that the line contains the next statement to execute. Note that the title bar of the IDE displays [break] this indicates that the IDE is in break mode (i.e., the debugger is running). Once the program reaches the breakpoint, a programmer can hover with the mouse on a variable (in this case xor i) in the source code to view the value of that variable in a tooltip as shown in Fig. D.6. Testing and Debugging Tip D.3 Placing a breakpoint after a loop in a program allows the loop to complete without stopping before the breakpoint is reached. D.3 Examining Data Visual Studio .NET includes several debugging windows that allow programmers to examine variables and expressions. All the windows are accessible from the Debug > Windows submenu. Some windows are listed only when the IDE is in break mode (also called debug mode). The Watch window, which is available only in break mode (Fig. D.7), allows programmers to examine the values of related groups of variables and expressions. Visual Studio .NET provides a total of four Watch windows. Fig. D.5 Fig. D.Fig..Fi D5g. D.5D.5Console application suspended for debugging. Fig.
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1314 Visual Studio .NET Debugger Appendix D 6 namespace Debug 7 { 8 class DebugExample 9 { 10 static void Main( string[] args ) 11 { 12 int x =10; 13 14 Console.Write( “The value of ” + x + ” factorial is: ” ); 15 16 // loop to determine x factorial, contains logic error 17 for ( int i = x; i >= 0; i–) 18 x *= i; 19 20 Console.Write( x ); 21 22 Console.ReadLine(); // delay program exit 23 24 } // end main 25 26 } // end class DebugExample 27 28 } // end namespace Debug The value of 10 factorial is: 0 Fig. D.2 Fig. D.Fig.Fi D.2g. D.22Debug sample program. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. D. To set breakpoints in Visual Studio, click the gray area to the left of any line of code or right-click a line of code and select Insert Breakpoint. A solid red circle appears, indicating that the breakpoint has been set (Fig. D.3). The program execution is suspended when it reaches the line containing the breakpoint. To enable breakpoints and other debugging features, we must compile the program using the debug configuration (Fig. D.4). Select Debug from the configuration toolbar if it is not already selected. Alternatively, select Build > Configuration Manager and change the Active Solution Configuration to Debug. Breakpoint Breakpoint tooltip Fig. D.3 Fig. D.Fig..Fi D3g. D.3D.3Setting a breakpoint. Fig.
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Appendix D Visual Studio .NET Debugger 1313 Testing and Debugging Tip D.1 After fixing one error, you may observe that the number of overall errors perceived by the compiler is significantly reduced. Testing and Debugging Tip D.2 When the compiler reports a syntax error on a particular line, check that line for the syntax error. If the error is not on that line, check the preceding few lines of code for the cause of the syntax error. Debugging is the process of finding and correcting logic errors in applications. Logic errors are more subtle than syntax errors because a program that includes a logic error compiles successfully but does not run as expected. Logic errors often are difficult to debug, because the programmer cannot see the code as it executes. One strategy that novice programmers often use to debug programs is to display program data directly, using message boxes or Console.WriteLine statements. For example, the programmer might print the value of a variable when its value changes to determine whether the variable is assigned the correct value. This approach is cumbersome, because programmers must insert a line of code wherever they suspect there might be a problem. Furthermore, once the program has been debugged, the programmer then must remove the extraneous statements, which often can be difficult to distinguish from the original program code. A debugger is software that allows a programmer to analyze program data and trace the flow of program execution while the application runs. A debugger provides capabilities that allow the programmer to suspend program execution, examine and modify variables, call methods without changing the program code and more. In this appendix, we introduce the Visual Studio .NET debugger and several of its debugging tools. [Note: A program must successfully compile before it can be used in the debugger.] D.2 Breakpoints Breakpoints are a simple but effective debugging tool. A breakpoint is a marker that a programmer places in a code listing. When a program reaches a breakpoint, execution pauses this allows the programmer to examine the state of the program and ensure that it is working as expected. Figure D.2 is a program that outputs the value of ten factorial (10!)1, but contains two logic errors the first iteration of the loop multiplies x by 10 instead of multiplying xby 9, and the result of the factorial calculation is multiplied by 0(so the result is always 0). We use this program to demonstrate Visual Studio .NET s debugging abilities using its breakpoint capabilities as our first example. 1 // Fig. D.2: DebugExample.cs 2 // Sample program to debug. 3 4 using System; 5 Fig. D.2 Fig. D.Fig.Fi D.2g. D.22Debug sample program. (Part 1 of 2.) Fig. D. 1. The factorial of x(x!) is defined as the product of all digits less than or equal to xbut greater than zero. For example, 10! = 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1.
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1312 Visual Studio .NET Debugger Appendix D Outline D.1 Introduction D.2 Breakpoints D.3 Examining Data D.4 Program Control D.5 Additional Method Debugging Capabilities D.6 Additional Class Debugging Capabilities Summary D.1 Introduction Two types of errors occur during software development: syntax errors and logic errors. Syntax errors (or compilation errors) occur when program statements violate the grammatical rules of a programming language, such as failure to end a statement with a semicolon. When a compiler detects syntax errors, the compiler terminates without building the application. By contrast, logic errors do not prevent programs from compiling or executing, but rather prevent programs from operating as expected. Syntax errors are easier to fix than are logic errors. Upon detecting a syntax error, the compiler gives the description and line number in the Task List window (Fig. D.1). This information gives the programmer a clue as to how to eliminate the error, so the compiler can create the program. However, logic errors often are more subtle and usually do not inform the user exactly where in the program the error occurred. This appendix overviews both types of errors and details Visual Studio .NET s capabilities for detecting and correcting the these logic errors. Syntax error Error message Fig. D.1 Fig. D.1Fig. D.FiFi1g. D.1g. D.1Syntax error.
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D Visual Studio .NET Debugger Objectives To understand syntax and logic errors. To become familiar with the Visual Studio .NET debugging tools. To understand the use of breakpoints to suspend program execution. To be able to examine data using expressions in the debugging windows. To be able to debug methods and objects. And often times excusing of a fault Doth make the fault the worse by the excuse. William Shakespeare To err is human, to forgive divine. Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism
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1310 Career Opportunities Appendix C WORKS CITED The notation indicates that the citation is for information found at the Web site. 1. J. Gaskin, Web Job Sites Face Tough Tasks, Inter@ctive Week 14 August 2000: 50. 2. J. Gaskin, 50. 3. M. Berger, Jobs Supermarket, Upside November 2000: 224. 4. . 5. M. Berger, 224. 6. Cisco Advertisement, The Wall Street Journal 19 October 2000: B13. 7. M. Feffer, Posting Jobs on the Internet, 18 August 2000 . 8. . 9. J. Gaskin, 51. 10. C. Wilde, Recruiters Discover Diverse Value in Web Sites, Information Week 7 February 2000: 144. 11. A.K. Smith, Charting Your Own Course, U.S. News and World Report 6 November 2000: 58. 12. D. Lewis, Hired! By the Highest Bidder, The Boston Globe 9 July 2000: G1. 13. . 14. M. French, Experience Inc., E-Recruiting for Jobs for College Students, Mass High Tech 7 February 13 February 2000: 29.
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Appendix C Career Opportunities 1309 EXERCISES C.3 State whether each of the following is true or false, if false, explain why. a) RFP is the acronym for request for proposal. b) The Internet has provided employers with a cost-effective means of testing their prospective employees in such categories as decision making, problem solving and personality. c) Online job recruiting can completely replace other means of hiring employees. d) Posting a job online is less expensive than placing ads in more traditional media. e) A lack of confidentiality is a disadvantage of online career services. C.4 Fill in the blanks in each of the following: a) Finding a job online can greatly the amount of time spent applying for a position. b) is an example of a Web site in which contractors can bid on projects. c) When designing a job posting, defining what makes the position unique and including information such as and might convince a qualified candidate to further investigate the position. d) The Internet hosts for employers seeking to increase diversity in the workplace. e) The Internet provides employers with a cost-effective means of testing their prospective employees in such categories as , and . C.5 Define the following a) Corporate culture. b) Pay-per-hire. c) Request for proposal (RFP). d) Resume-filtering software. C.6 (Class discussion). In this chapter, we discuss the short-comings and advantages of recruiting on the Internet. Using the text, additional reading material and personal accounts answer the following questions. Be prepared to discuss your answers. a) Do you think finding a job is easier on the Web? Why or why not? b) What disadvantages can you identify? c) What are some of the advantages? d) Which online recruiting services do you think will be most successful? Why? C.7 Many of the career services Web sites we have discussed in this chapter offer resume-building capabilities. Begin building your resume, choosing an objective that is of interest to you. Think of your primary concerns. Are you searching for a paid internship or a volunteer opportunity? Do you have a specific location in mind? Do you have an opportunity for future employment? Are stock options important to you? Find several entry-level jobs that meet your requirements. Write a short summary of your results. Include any obstacles and opportunities. C.8 In this chapter, we have discussed online contracting opportunities. Visit eLance (www.elance.com) and search the requests for proposals for contracting opportunities that interest you or visit guru.com and create a profile. C.9 In this chapter, we have discussed many career services Web sites. Choose three sites. Explore the opportunities and resources offered by the sites. Visit any demonstrations, conduct a job search, build your resume and calculate your salary or relocation expenses. Answer the following questions. a) Which site provides the best service? Why? b) What did you like? Dislike? c) Write a brief summary of your findings, including descriptions of any features that you would add.
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1308 Career Opportunities Appendix C When designing a job posting, defining what makes a job position unique and including information such as benefits and salary might convince a qualified candidate to further investigate the position. The Internet hosts demographic-specific sites for employers seeking to increase diversity in the workplace. The Internet has provided employers with a cost-effective means of testing their prospective employees in such categories as decision making, problem solving and personality. TERMINOLOGY corporate culture open-ended question demographic pay-per-hire end-to-end recruiting solutions request for proposal (RFP) entry-level position resume-filtering software online contracting service SELF-REVIEW EXERCISES C.1 State whether each of the following is true or false, if false, explain why. a) Online contracting services allow businesses to post job listings for specific projects that can be viewed by job seekers over the Web. b) Employment networks are Web sites designed to provide information on a selected company to better inform job seekers of the corporate environment. c) The large number of applications received over the Internet is considered an advantage by most online recruiters. d) There is a greater number of individuals searching for work on the Web than through all other mediums combined. e) Sixteen percent of America s workforce is categorized as independent contractors. C.2 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements. a) There are approximately online career services Web sites on the Internet today. b) The Internet hosts demographic-specific sites for employers seeking to increase in the workplace. c) In the 24 hours following the Super Bowl, job searches occurred on Monster. com. d) Many recruitment sites use to filter through received resumes. e) Employers should try to post to sites that are most likely to be visited by can didates. ANSWERS TO SELF-REVIEW EXERCISES C.1 a) True. b) True. c) False. The large number of applicants reduces the amount of time a recruiter can spend interviewing and making decisions. Despite screening processes, many highly qualified applicants can be overlooked. d) False. The number of individuals researching employment positions through other means, such as referrals, newspapers and temporary agencies, far outweighs the number of Internet job seekers. e) False. Six percent of America s workforce is categorized as independent consultants. C.2 a) 40,000. b) diversity. c) 5 million. d) resume-filtering software. e) eligible.
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