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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1245 The next example (Fig. 24.20) depicts a CallXML application that reads the ISBN numbers of three Deitel textbooks Internet and World Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition, XML How to Program and Java How to Program: Fourth Edition on the basis of a user s touch-tone input. [Note: The code has been formatted for presentation purposes.] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Welcome. To obtain the ISBN of the Internet and World 10 Wide Web How to Program: Second Edition, please enter 1. 11 To obtain the ISBN of the XML How to Program, 12 please enter 2. To obtain the ISBN of the Java How 13 to Program: Fourth Edition, please enter 3. To exit the 14 application, please enter 4. 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 Please enter either 1, 2, 3 or 4. 30 31 32 36 37 38 39 40 41 The ISBN for the Internet book is 0130308978. 42 Thank you for calling our CallXML application. 43 Good-bye. 44 45 46 Fig. 24.20 Fig. 24.2FiFig. 24.20g. 24.20 Fig. 24.20 CallXML example that reads three ISBN values. (Part 1 of 2.) (Courtesy of Voxeo, Voxeo Corporation 2000 2001.)
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1244 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.19 Fig. 24.19Fig. 24FiFi.19g. 24.19g. 24.19Hello World CallXML example. (Part 2 of 2.) (Courtesy of Voxeo, Voxeo Corporation 2000 2001.) To deploy a CallXML application, register with the Voxeo Community (community. voxeo.com), a Web resource that facilitates the creation, debugging and deployment of phone applications. For the most part, Voxeo resources are free, but the company does charge fees when CallXML applications are deployed commercially. The Voxeo Community assigns a unique telephone number to each CallXML application so that external users can access and interact with the application. [Note: Voxeo assigns telephone numbers only to applications that reside on the Internet. If you have access to a Web server (such as IIS, PWS or Apache), use it to post your CallXML application. Otherwise, open an Internet account through one of the many Internet-service companies (such as www.geocities.com, www.angelfire.com, www.stormpages.com, www.freewebsites.com, or www.brinkster.com). These companies allow individuals to post documents on the Internet using their Web servers.] Figure 24.19 also demonstrates the logging feature of the Voxeo Account Manager, which is accessible to registered members. The logging feature records and displays the conversation between the user and the application. The first row of the logging feature lists the URL of the CallXML application and the global variables associated with that session. When a session begins, the application creates and assigns values to global variables that the entire application can access and modify. The subsequent row(s) display the conversation. This example demonstrates a one-way conversation (i.e., the application does not accept any input from the user) in which the TTS engine says Hello World. The last row displays the end of session message, which states that the phone call has terminated. The logging feature assists developers in the debugging of their applications. By observing a CallXML conversation, a developer can determine the point at which the application terminates. If the application terminates abruptly ( crashes ), the logging feature displays information regarding the type and location of the error, pointing the developer toward the section of the application that is causing the problem.
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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1243 24.12 CallXML Another advancement benefiting people with visual impairments is CallXML, a voice technology created and supported by Voxeo (www.voxeo.com). CallXML creates phone-to- Web applications that control incoming and outgoing telephone calls. Examples of CallXML applications include voice mail, interactive voice-response systems and Internet call waiting. VoiceXML allows computers to read Web pages to users with visual impairments; CallXML reads Web content to users via a telephone. CallXML has important implications for individuals who do not have a computer, but do have a telephone. When users access CallXML applications, a text-to-speech (TTS) engine converts text to an automated voice. The TTS engine then reads information contained within CallXML elements to the users. CallXML applications are tailored to respond to input from callers. [Note: Users must have a touch-tone phone to access CallXML applications.] Typically, CallXML applications play prerecorded audio clips or text as output, requesting responses as input. An audio clip might contain a greeting that introduces callers to the application, or it might recite a menu of options, requesting that callers make a touchtone entry. Certain applications, such as voice mail, might require both verbal and touchtone input. Once the application receives the necessary input, it responds by invoking CallXML elements (such as text) that contain the information a TTS engine reads to users. If the application does not receive input within a designated time frame, it prompts the user to enter valid input. When a user accesses a CallXML application, the incoming telephone call is referred to as a session. A CallXML application can support multiple sessions, which means that the application can process multiple telephone calls at once. Each session is independent of the others and is assigned a unique sessionID for identification. A session terminates either when the user hangs up the telephone or when the CallXML application invokes the hangupelement. Our first CallXML application demonstrates the classic Hello World example (Fig. 24.19). Line 1 contains the optional XML declaration. Value versionindicates the XML version to which the document conforms. The current XML recommendation is version 1.0. Value encoding indicates the type of Unicode encoding that the application uses. For this example, we empty UTF-8, which requires eight bits to transfer and receive data. More information on Unicode can be found in Appendix G, Unicode . The tag in line 6 declares that the content is a CallXML document. Line 7 contains the Hello World text. All text that is to be spoken by a text-to-speech (TTS) engine must be placed within tags. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hello World. 8 Fig. 24.19 Fig. 24.19Fig. 24FiFi.19g. 24.19g. 24.19Hello World CallXML example. (Part 1 of 2.) (Courtesy of Voxeo, Voxeo Corporation 2000 2001.)
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1242 Accessibility Chapter 24 eout specifies how long the program should wait after outputting the prompt for users to respond. In the event that the user does not respond before the timeout period expires, lines 36 40 provide a second, shorter prompt that reminds the user to make a selection. When the user chooses the publications option, publications.vxml (Fig. 24.17) loads into the browser. Lines 107 113 define link elements that provide links to main.vxml. Lines 115 117 provide links to the menuelement (lines 121 141), which asks users to select one of the following publications: Java, C or C++. The form elements in lines 143 217 describe books that correspond to these topics. Once the browser speaks the description, control transfers to the form element with an id attribute whose value equals repeat(lines 219 234). Figure 24.18 provides a brief description of each VoiceXML tag that we used in the previous example (Fig. 24.17). VoiceXML Tag Description Assigns a value to a variable. Presents information to users without any interaction between the user and the computer (i.e., the computer does not expect any input from the user). Instructs the computer to pause its speech output for a specified period of time. Specifies an option in a menuelement. Lists all the available options to the user. Exits the program. Contains elements that execute when the computer receives input for a form element from the user.