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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1265 www.trill-home.com/lynx/public_lynx.html This site allows users to browse the Web with a Lynx browser. Users can view how Web pages appear to users who are not using the most current technologies. java.sun.com/products/java-media/speech/forDevelopers/JSML This site outlines the specifications for JSML, Sun Microsystem s Java Speech Markup Language. This language, like VoiceXML, helps improve accessibility for people with visual impairments. ocfo.ed.gov/coninfo/clibrary/software.htm This is the U.S. Department of Education s Web site that outlines software accessibility requirements. The site helps developers produce accessible products. www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/comp.speech/SpeechLinks.html The Speech Technology Hyperlinks page has over 500 links to sites related to computer-based speech and speech-recognition tools. www.islandnet.com/accessibility.html This page provides a list of tips for creating accessible Web pages. www.chantinc.com/technology This page is the Chant Web site, which discusses speech technology and how it works. Chant also provides speech synthesis and speech-recognition software. searchmiddleware.techtarget.com/sdefinition/ 0,,sid26_gci518993,00.html This site provides definitions and information about several topics, including CallXML. Its thorough definition of CallXML differentiates CallXML from VoiceXML, another technology developed by Voxeo. The site also contains links to other published articles that discuss CallXML. www.oasis-open.org/cover/callxmlv2.html This site provides a comprehensive list of the CallXML tags, complete with a description of each tag. The site also provides short examples on how to apply the tags in various applications. web.ukonline.co.uk/ddmc/software.html This site provides links to software designed for people with disabilities. www.freedomscientific.com Henter-Joyce is a division of Freedom Scientific that provides software for people with visual impairments. It is the homepage of JAWS (Job Access with Sound). www-3.ibm.com/able/ This is the homepage of IBM s accessibility site. It provides information on IBM products and their accessibility and discusses hardware, software and Web accessibility. www.w3.org/TR/voice-tts-reqs This page explains the speech-synthesis markup requirements for voice markup languages. www.cast.org CAST (Center for Applied Special Technology) offers software, including a valuable accessibility checker, that can help individuals with disabilities use computers. The accessibility checker is a Webbased program that validates the accessibility of Web sites. Information on Disabilities deafness.about.com/health/deafness/msubmenu6.htm This is the home page of deafness.about.com. It provides a wealth of information on the history of hearing loss, the current state of medical developments and other resources related to these topics.
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1264 Accessibility Chapter 24 24.16 Internet and World Wide Web Resources There are many accessibility resources available on the Internet and World Wide Web; this section lists a variety of these resources. General Information, Guidelines and Definitions www.w3.org/WAI The World Wide Web Consortium s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) site promotes the design of universally accessible Web sites. This site contains the current guidelines and forthcoming standards for Web accessibility. www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1 The XHTML 1.0 Recommendation contains XHTML 1.0 general information, compatibility issues, document type definition information, definitions, terminology and much more. www.abledata.com/text2/icg_hear.htm This page contains a consumer guide that discusses technologies designed for people with hearing impairments. www.washington.edu/doit The University of Washington s DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology) site provides information and Web-development resources for the creation of universally accessible Web sites. www.webable.com The WebABLE site contains links to many disability-related Internet resources; the site is geared towards those developing technologies for people with disabilities. www.webaim.org The WebAIM site provides a number of tutorials, articles, simulations and other useful resources that demonstrate how to design accessible Web sites. The site provides a screen-reader simulation. deafness.about.com/health/deafness/msubvib.htm This site provides information on vibrotactile devices, which allow individuals with hearing impairments to experience audio in the form of vibrations. Developing Accessible Applications with Existing Technologies wdvl.com/Authoring/Languages/XML/XHTML The Web Developers Virtual Library provides an introduction to XHTML. This site also contains articles, examples and links to other technologies. www.w3.org/TR/1999/xhtml-modularization-19990406/DTD/doc The XHTML 1.0 DTD documentation site provides links to DTD documentation for the strict, transitional and frameset document type definitions. www.webreference.com/xml/reference/xhtml.html This Web page contains a list of the frequently used XHTML tags, such as header tags, table tags, frame tags and form tags. It also provides a description of each tag. www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/aural.html This site discusses Aural Style Sheets, outlining the purpose and uses of this new technology. www.islandnet.com Lynxit is a development tool that allows users to view any Web site as if they were using a text-only browser. The site s form allows you to enter a URL and returns the Web site in text-only format.
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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1263 In the Internet Options dialog, click the Advanced tab. This opens the dialog depicted in Fig. 24.44. The first available option is labeled Always expand ALT text for images. By default, IE5.5 hides some of the text if the size of the text exceeds that of the image it describes. This option forces IE5.5 to show all the text. The second option reads: Move system caret with focus/selection changes. This option is intended to make screen reading more effective. Some screen readers use the system caret (the blinking vertical bar associated with editing text) to determine what to read. If this option is not activated, screen readers might not read Web pages correctly. Web designers often forget to take accessibility into account when creating Web sites, and, in attempts to provide large amounts of content, they use fonts that are too small. Many user agents have addressed this problem by allowing the user to adjust the text size. Click the View menu and select Text Size to change the font size in pages rendered by IE5.5. By default, the text size is set to Medium. In this chapter, we presented a wide variety of technologies that help people with various disabilities use computers and the Internet. We hope that all our readers will join us in emphasizing the importance of these capabilities in their schools and workplaces. Well, that s it for now. We sincerely hope that you have enjoyed learning with C# How To Program. As this book went to the presses, we were already at work on Advanced C# How To Program, a book appropriate for professional developers writing enterprise applications and for students enrolled in advanced software-development courses. Fig. 24.44 Fig. 24.4Fg. 24.FFi44ig. 24.44ig.Advanced accessibility settings in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5. 24.44
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1262 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.42 Fig. 24.42Fig. 24.FF42ig. 24.42ig. 24.42Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard. 24.15.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 Internet Explorer 5.5 offers a variety of options that can improve usability. To access IE5.5 s accessibility features, launch the program, click the Tools menu and select Internet Options…. Then, from the Internet Options menu, press the button labeled Accessibility… to open the accessibility options (Fig. 24.43). The accessibility options in IE5.5 are designed to improve the Web browsing experiences of users with disabilities. Users are able to ignore Web colors, Web fonts and fontsize tags. This eliminates accessibility problems arising from poor Web-page design and allows users to customize their Web browsing. Users can even specify a style sheet, which formats every Web site that users visit according to their personal preferences. Fig. 24.43 Fig. 24.4Fg. 24.FFi43ig. 24.43ig. 24.43 Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 s accessibility options.
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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1261 Fig. 24.40 Fig. 24.40Fig. 24.FF40ig. 24.40ig. 24.40Voice-settings window. Fig. 24.41 Fig. 24.41Fig. 24.FF41ig. 24.41ig. 24.41Narrator reading Notepad text. 24.15.5 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard Some computer users lack the ability to use a keyboard, but are able to use a pointing device, such as a mouse. For these users, the On-Screen Keyboard is helpful. To access the On-Screen Keyboard, click the Start button and select Programs, followed by Accessories, Accessibility and On-Screen Keyboard. Figure 24.42 depicts the layout of the Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard. Users who have difficulty using the On-Screen Keyboard can purchase more sophisticated products, such as Clicker 4 by Inclusive Technology. Clicker 4 is an aid designed for people who cannot use a keyboard effectively. Its best feature is that it can be customized. Keys can have letters, numbers, entire words or even pictures on them. For more information regarding Clicker 4, visit www.inclusive.co.uk/catalog/ clicker.htm.
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1260 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.38 Fig. 24.38Fig. 24.FF38ig. 24.38ig.24.38Saving new accessibility settings. Fig. 24.39 Fig. 24.39Fig. 24.FF39ig. 24.39ig. 24.39Narrator window. Checking the first option instructs Narrator to describe menus and new windows when they are opened. The second option instructs Narrator to speak the characters that users type as they type them. The third option moves the mouse cursor to the region currently being read by Narrator. Clicking the Voice… button enables the user to change the pitch, volume and speed of the narrator voice (Fig. 24.40). Now, we demonstrate Narrator in various applications. When Narrator is running, open Notepad and click the File menu. Narrator announces the opening of the program and begins to describe the items in the File menu. As a user scrolls down the list, Narrator reads the item to which the mouse currently is pointing. Type some text and press Ctrl- Shift-Enter to hear Narrator read it (Fig. 24.41). If the Read typed characters option is checked, Narrator reads each character as it is typed. Users also can employ the keyboard s direction arrows to make Narrator read. The up and down arrows cause Narrator to speak the lines adjacent to the current mouse position, and the left and right arrows cause Narrator to speak the characters adjacent to the current mouse position.
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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1259 To explore Narrator s functionality, we explain how to use the program in conjunction with several Windows applications. Click the Start button and select Programs, followed by Accessories, Accessibility and Narrator. Once Narrator is open, it describes the current foreground window. It then reads the text inside the window aloud to the user. When the user clicks OK, the dialog in Fig. 24.39 displays. Fig. 24.36 Fig. 24.36Fig. 24.FF36ig. 24.36ig. 24.36Mouse Speed dialog. Fig. 24.37 Fig. 24.37Fig. 24.FF37ig. 24.37ig. 24.37Set Automatic Timeouts dialog.
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1258 Accessibility Chapter 24 Today s computer tools, including most mice, are designed almost exclusively for right-handed users. Microsoft recognized this problem and added the Mouse Button Settings window (Fig. 24.35) to the Accessibility Wizard. This tool allows the user to create a virtual left-handed mouse by swapping the button functions. Click Next. Users can adjust mouse speed through the MouseSpeed (Fig. 24.36) section of the Accessibility Wizard. Dragging the scroll bar changes the speed. Clicking the Next button sets the speed and displays the wizard s Set Automatic Timeouts window (Fig. 24.37). Although accessibility tools are important to users with disabilities, they can be a hindrance to users who do not need them. In situations where varying accessibility needs exist, it is important that the user be able to turn the accessibility tools on and off as necessary. The Set Automatic Timeouts window specifies a timeout period for enabling or disabling accessibility tools. A timeout either enables or disables a certain action after the computer has idled for a specified amount of time. A screen saver is a common example of a program with a timeout period. Here, a timeout is set to toggle the accessibility tools. After the user clicks Next, the Save Settings to File dialog appears (Fig. 24.38). This dialog determines whether the accessibility settings should be used as the default settings, which are loaded when the computer is rebooted or after a timeout. Set the accessibility settings as the default if the majority of users needs them. Users also can save multiple accessibility settings. The user can create an.acwfile, which, when chosen, activates the saved accessibility settings on any Windows 2000 computer. 24.15.4 Microsoft Narrator Microsoft Narrator is a text-to-speech program designed for people with visual impairments. It reads text, describes the current desktop environment and alerts the user when certain Windows events occur. Narrator is intended to aid in the configuration of Microsoft Windows. It is a screen reader that works with Internet Explorer, Wordpad, Notepad and most programs in the Control Panel. Although its capabilities are limited outside these applications, Narrator is excellent at navigating the Windows environment. Fig. 24.35 Fig. 24.35Fig. 24.FF35ig. 24.35ig. 24.35Mouse Button Settings window.
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Chapter 24 Accessibility 1257 Next, the Extra Keyboard Help dialog (Fig. 24.33) is displayed. This dialog can activate a tool that displays information such as keyboard shortcuts and tool tips when such information is available. Like ShowSounds, this tool requires that software developers provide the content to be displayed. Clicking Next will load the MouseKeys (Fig. 24.34) customization window. MouseKeys is a tool that uses the keyboard to imitate mouse movements. The arrow keys direct the mouse, and the 5 key indicates a single click. To double click, the user must press the + key; to simulate the holding down of the mouse button, the user must press the Ins (Insert) key. To release the mouse button, the user must press the Del (Delete) key. Choose whether to enable MouseKeys and then click Next. Fig. 24.33 Fig. 24.33Fig. 24.FF33ig. 24.33ig. 24.33Extra Keyboard Help dialog. Fig. 24.34 Fig. 24.34Fig. 24.FF34ig. 24.34ig. 24.34MouseKeys window.
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1256 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.31 Fig. 24.31Fig. 24.FF31ig. 24.31ig. 24.31BounceKeys dialog. Another common problem that affects certain users with disabilities is the accidental pressing of the same key multiple times. This problem typically is caused by holding a key down too long. BounceKeys forces the computer to ignore repeated keystrokes. Click Next. ToggleKeys (Fig. 24.32) alerts users that they have pressed one of the lock keys (i.e., Caps Lock, Num Lock or Scroll Lock) by sounding an audible beep. Make selections and click Next. Fig. 24.32 Fig. 24.32Fig. 24.FF32ig. 24.32ig. 24.32ToggleKeys window.
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