Chapter 24 Accessibility 1271 24.2 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements. a) The highest priority of the Web Accessibility Initiative is to ensure that , and are accompanied by descriptions that clearly define their purposes. b) Technologies such as , and enable individuals with disabilities to work in a large number of positions. c) Although they are a great layout tool for presenting data, are difficult for screen readers to interpret and convey clearly to a user. d) To make a frame accessible to individuals with disabilities, it is important to include tags on the page. e) Blind people using computers often are assisted by and . f) CallXML is used to create applications that allow individuals to receive and send telephone calls. g) A tag must be associated with the tag. 24.3 State whether each of the following is true or false. If false, explain why. a) Screen readers have no problem reading and translating images. b) When writing Web pages for the general public, it is important to consider the reading level of the context. c) The tag helps screen readers describe the images on a Web page. d) Blind people have been helped by the improvements made in speech-recognition tech nology more than any other group of people. e) VoiceXML lets users interact with Web content using speech recognition and speech synthesis technologies. f) Elements such as onMaxSilence, onTermDigit and onMaxTime are event handlers because they perform specified tasks when invoked. g) The debugging feature of the Voxeo Account Manager assists developers in debugging their CallXML applications. ANSWERS TO SELF-REVIEW EXERCISES 24.1 a) World Wide Web Consortium. b) Web Accessibility Initiative. c) Job Access with Sound. d) Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language. e) Cascading Style Sheets. 24.2 a) image, movie, sound. b) voice activation, visual enhancers and auditory aids. c) tables. d) . e) braille displays, braille keyboards. f) phone-to-Web. g) . 24.3 a) False. Screen readers cannot directly interpret images. If the programmer includes an alt attribute inside the
tag, the screen reader reads this description to the user. b) True. c) True. d) False. Although speech-recognition technology has had a large impact on blind people, speech-recognition technology has had also a large impact on people who have trouble typing. e) True. f) True. g) False. The logging feature assists developers in debugging their CallXML application. EXERCISES 24.4 Insert XHTML markup into each segment to make the segment accessible to someone with disabilities. The contents of images and frames should be apparent from the context and filenames. a)
b)
| Language |
Version |
| XHTML |
1.0 |
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Sunday, August 26th, 2007
1270 Accessibility Chapter 24 onTermDigit element TabStopproperty of class Control play element targetSessions attribute post request type termDigits attribute prompt element in VoiceXML text element
tag (
) text to speech (TTS) RDK (Redistribution Kit) th element readability timeout recordAudio element timeout attribute of prompt element Redistribution Kit (RDK) titletag () run element ToggleKeys screen reader track scroll bar and window border size dialog TTS (text-to-speech) engine SDK (Software Development Kit) Type class sendEvent element user agent session value attribute session attribute tag ( ) sessionID var attribute Set Automatic Timeouts version declaration setting up window element size ViaVoice shortcut key Visual Studio accessibility guidelines ShowSounds Voice Server SDK 1.0 SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration voice synthesis Language) voice technology Software Development Kit (SDK) VoiceXML SoundSentry VoiceXML tags speech recognition Voxeo (www.voxeo.com) speech synthesis Voxeo Account Manager speech synthesizer tag ( ) StickyKeys WAI (Web Accessibility Initiative) style sheet WAI Quick Tip tag wait element ( ) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) submit attribute Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 summary attribute Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (Working Draft) (SMIL) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) system caret www.voxeo.com (Voxeo) tab order XHTML Recommendation tab stop XML GL (XML Guidelines) TabIndex property of class Control XML Guidelines (XML GL) table SELF-REVIEW EXERCISES 24.1 Expand the following acronyms: a) W3C. b) WAI. c) JAWS. d) SMIL. e) CSS.
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Saturday, August 25th, 2007
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Friday, August 24th, 2007
1268 Accessibility Chapter 24 EagleEyes, developed by researchers at Boston College (www.bc.edu/eagleeyes), is a system that translates eye movements into mouse movements. Users move the mouse cursor by moving their eyes or head and are thereby able to control the computer. All of the accessibility options provided by Windows 2000 are available through the Accessibility Wizard. The Accessibility Wizard takes a user step by step through all of the Windows accessibility features and configures his or her computer according to the chosen specifications. Microsoft Magnifier enlarges the section of your screen surrounding the mouse cursor. To solve problems seeing the mouse cursor, Microsoft offers the ability to use larger cursors, black cursors and cursors that invert objects underneath them. SoundSentry is a tool that creates visual signals when system events occur. ShowSounds adds captions to spoken text and other sounds produced by today s multimediarich software. StickyKeys is a program that helps users who have difficulty pressing multiple keys at the same time. BounceKeys forces the computer to ignore repeated keystrokes, solving the problem of accidentally pressing the same key more than once. ToggleKeys causes an audible beep to alert users that they have pressed one of the lock keys (i.e., Caps Lock, Num Lock, or Scroll Lock). MouseKeys is a tool that uses the keyboard to emulate mouse movements. The Mouse Button Settings tool allows you to create a virtual left-handed mouse by swapping the button functions. A timeout either enables or disables a certain action after the computer has idled for a specified amount of time. A common use of a timeout is in a screen saver. Default settings are loaded when the computer is rebooted. You can create an .acw file, which, when chosen, will automatically activate the saved accessibility settings on any Windows 2000 computer. Microsoft Narrator is a text-to-speech program for people with visual impairments. It reads text, describes the current desktop environment and alerts the user when certain Windows events occur. TERMINOLOGY tag action element accessibility Active Accessibility accessibility aids in Visual Studio .NET Acts designed to ensure Internet access for Accessibility Wizard people with disabilities Accessibility Wizard initialization option .acw Accessibility Wizard mouse-cursor ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) adjustment tool advanced accessibility settings in Microsoft AccessibilityDescription property Internet Explorer 5.5 of class Control alt attribute AccessibilityName property of class Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Control answer element AccessibleDescription property of class tag ( ) Control assign element AccessibleName property of class Control Aural Style Sheet AccessibleRole enumeration AuralCSS AccessibleRole property of class Controlblock element
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Thursday, August 23rd, 2007
Chapter 24 Accessibility 1267 The value of the longdesc attribute is a text-based URL, linked to a Web page, that describes the image associated with the attribute. When creating a Web page for the general public, it is important to consider the reading level at which it is written. Web site designers can make their sites more readable through the use of shorter words; some users may have difficulty understanding slang and other nontraditional language. Web designers often use frames to display more than one XHTML file at a time. Unfortunately, frames often lack proper descriptions, which prevents users with text-based browsers and users with visual impairments from navigating the Web site. The tag allows the designer to offer alternative content to users whose browsers do not support frames. VoiceXML has tremendous implications for people with visual impairments and for illiterate people. VoiceXML, a speech recognition and synthesis technology, reads Web pages to users and understands words spoken into a microphone. A VoiceXML document is composed of a series of dialogs and subdialogs, which result in spoken interaction between the user and the computer. VoiceXML is a voice-recognition technology. CallXML, a language created and supported by Voxeo, creates phone-to-Web applications. These applications tailor themselves to the user s input. When a user accesses a CallXML application, the incoming telephone call is referred to as a session. A CallXML application can support multiple sessions that enable the application to receive multiple telephone calls at any given time. A session terminates either when the user hangs up the telephone or when the CallXML application invokes the hangup element. The contents of a CallXML application are inserted within the tag. CallXML tags that perform similar tasks should be enclosed between the and block> tags. To deploy a CallXML application, register with the Voxeo Community, which assigns a telephone number to the application so that other users may access it. Voxeo s logging feature enables developers to debug their telephone application by observing the conversation between the user and the application. Braille keyboards are similar to standard keyboards, except that in addition to having each key labeled with the letter it represents, braille keyboards have the equivalent braille symbol printed on the key. Most often, braille keyboards are combined with a speech synthesizer or a braille display, so users are able to interact with the computer to verify that their typing is correct. People with visual impairments are not the only beneficiaries of the effort being made to improve markup languages. Individuals with hearing impairments also have a great number of tools to help them interpret auditory information delivered over the Web. Speech synthesis is another area in which research is being done to help people with disabilities. Open-source software for people with visual impairments already exists and is often superior to most of its proprietary, closed-source counterparts. However, it still does not use the Linux OS to its fullest extent. People with hearing impairments will soon benefit from what is called Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL). This markup language is designed to add extra tracks layers of content found within a single audio or video file. The additional tracks can contain such data as closed captioning.
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Wednesday, August 22nd, 2007
1266 Accessibility Chapter 24 www.trainingpost.org/3-2-inst.htm This site presents a tutorial on the Gunning Fog Index. The Gunning Fog Index is a method of grading text according to its readability. laurence.canlearn.ca/English/learn/accessibility2001/neads/ index.shtml INDIE stands for Integrated Network of Disability Information and Education. This site is home to a search engine that helps users find information on disabilities. www.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/ncam/accesslinks.html This page provides links to other accessibility pages across the Web. SUMMARY Enabling a Web site to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities is an important issue. Enabling a Web site to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities is an issue relevant to all business owners. Technologies such as voice activation, visual enhancers and auditory aids enable individuals with disabilities to have access to the web and software applications. In 1997, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) launched the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). The WAI is an attempt to make the Web more accessible; its mission is described at www.w3.org/WAI. Accessibility refers to the level of usability of an application or Web site for people with disabilities. Total accessibility is difficult to achieve because there are many different disabilities, language barriers, and hardware and software inconsistencies. The majority of Web sites are considered to be either partially or totally inaccessible to people with visual, learning or mobility impairments. The WAI published the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, which assign accessibility priorities to a three-tier structure of checkpoints. The WAI currently is working on a draft of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. One important WAI requirement is to ensure that every image, movie and sound on a Web site is accompanied by a description that clearly defines the item s purpose; the description is called an tag. Specialized user agents, such as screen readers (programs that allow users to hear what is being displayed on their screen) and braille displays (devices that receive data from screen-reading software and output the data as braille), allow people with visual impairments to access text-based information that normally is displayed on the screen. Using a screen reader to navigate a Web site can be time consuming and frustrating, because screen readers are unable to interpret pictures and other graphical content that do not have alternative text. Including links at the top of each Web page provides easy access to the page s main content. Web pages with large amounts of multimedia content are difficult for user agents to interpret unless they are designed properly. Images, movies and most non-XHTML objects cannot be read by screen readers. Misused heading tags (
) also present challenges to some Web users particularly those who cannot use a mouse. Web designers should avoid misuse of the alt attribute; it is intended to provide a short description of an XHTML object that might not load properly on all user agents.
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