Chapter 24 Accessibility 1235 Look-and-Feel Observation 24.1 Always provide titles for frames to ensure that user agents that do not support frames have alternatives. Look-and-Feel Observation 24.2 Include a title for each frame s contents with the frame element; if possible, provide links to the individual pages within the frameset, so that users still can navigate through the Web pages. To provide alternative content to browsers that do not support frames, use the <![CDATA[ tag. This also improves access for browsers that offer limited support for frames. WCAG 1.0 suggests using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) as an alternative to frames, because CSS can provide similar functionality and is highly customizible. Unfortunately, the ability to display multiple XHTML documents in a single browser window requires the complete support of HTML 4, which is not widespread. However, the second generation of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS2) can display a single document as if it were several documents. CSS2 is not yet fully supported by many user agents. 24.10 Accessibility in XML XML gives developers the freedom to create new markup languages. Although this feature provides many advantages, the new languages might not incorporate accessibility features. To prevent the proliferation of inaccessible languages, the WAI is developing guidelines the XML Guidelines (XML GL) to facilitate the creation of accessible XML documents. The XML Guidelines recommend including a text description, similar to XHTML s <alt> tag, for each non-text object on a page. To enhance accessibility further, element types should allow grouping and classification and should identify important content. Without an accessible user interface, other efforts to implement accessibility are less effective. Therefore, it is essential to create stylesheets that can produce multiple outputs, including document outlines. Many XML languages, including Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), have implemented several of the WAI guidelines. The WAI XML Accessibility Guidelines can be found at www.w3.org/WAI/PF/ xmlgl.htm. 24.11 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML A joint effort by AT&T , IBM , Lucent and Motorola has created an XML vocabulary that marks up information for use by speech synthesizers, or tools that enable computers to speak to users. This technology, called VoiceXML, can provide tremendous benefits to people with visual impairments and to people who are illiterate. VoiceXML-enabled applications read Web pages to the user and then employ speech recognition technology to understand words spoken into a microphone. An example of a speech-recognition tool is IBM s ViaVoice (www-4.ibm.com/software/speech). To learn more about speech recognition and synthesis, consult Chapter 16, Graphics and Multimedia. The VoiceXML interpreter and the VoiceXML browser process VoiceXML. In the future, Web browsers might incorporate these interpreters. VoiceXML is derived from XML, so VoiceXML is platform independent. When a VoiceXML document is loaded, a voice server sends a message to the VoiceXML browser and begins a verbal conversation between the user and the computer. <br />Please visit <a href="http://domain.a1websitehosting.net">Domain Name Hosting</a> services for high quality webhost to host and run your jsp applications.
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<h3 id="post-169"><a href="http://tomcat.a1websitehosting.net/tomcat/web-hosts-1234-accessibility-chapter-24-fig-2415-fig-241fifig/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Web hosts - 1234 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.15 Fig. 24.1FiFig.">Web hosts - 1234 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.15 Fig. 24.1FiFig.</a></h3>
<small>Saturday, July 28th, 2007</small>
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<p>1234 Accessibility Chapter 24 Fig. 24.15 Fig. 24.1FiFig. 24.15g. 24.15 Fig. 24.15 Table optimized for screen reading, using attribute headers. (Part 3 of 3.) This table does not appear to be different from the standard XHTML table shown in Fig. 24.14. However, the formatting of this table allows a screen reader to read the contained data more intelligently. A screen reader vocalizes the data from the table in Fig. 24.15 as follows: Caption: Price of Fruit Summary: This table uses th elements and id and headers attributes to make the table readable by screen readers Fruit: Apple, Price: $0.25 Fruit: Orange, Price: $0.50 Fruit: Banana, Price: $1.00 Fruit: Pineapple, Price: $2.00 Every cell in the table is preceded by its corresponding header when read by the screen reader. This format helps the listener understand the table. The headers attribute is intended specifically for use in tables that hold large amounts of data. Most small tables linearize fairly well, as long as the
<th>tag is used properly. We also suggest using the summaryattribute and captionelement to enhance clarity. To view additional examples that demonstrate how to make tables accessible, visit www.w3.org/TR/WCAG. 24.9 Accessibility in XHTML Frames Web designers often use frames to display more than one XHTML file in a single browser window. Frames are a convenient way to ensure that certain content always displays on the screen. Unfortunately, frames often lack proper descriptions, and this prevents users with text-based browsers and users listening via speech synthesizers from navigating the Web site. A site that uses frames must provide a meaningful description of each frame in the frame s <title> tag. Examples of good titles include Navigation Frame and Main Content Frame. Users navigating via text-based browsers, such as Lynx, must choose which frame they want to open; descriptive titles make this choice simpler. However, the assignment of titles to frames does not solve all the navigation problems associated with frames. Web designers also should use the <noframes> tag, which provides alternative content for browsers that do not support frames. <br />Searching for affordable and reliable webhost to host and run your web applications? Go to our <a href="http://www.premiumwebsitehosting.net">java web server</a> services and you will be pleased.
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<h3 id="post-168"><a href="http://tomcat.a1websitehosting.net/tomcat/web-hosting-script-chapter-24-accessibility-1233-8-9-xhtml-table/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Web hosting script - Chapter 24 Accessibility 1233 8 9 XHTML Table">Web hosting script - Chapter 24 Accessibility 1233 8 9 XHTML Table</a></h3>
<small>Saturday, July 28th, 2007</small>
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<p>Chapter 24 Accessibility 1233 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 11 12 <style type = "text/css"> 13 body { background-color: #ccffaa; 14 text-align: center } 15 </style> 16 </head> 17 18 <body> 19 <!--This table uses the id and headers attributes to --> 21 <!--ensure readability by text-based browsers. It also --> 22 <!--uses a summary attribute, used by screen readers to --> 23 <!--describe the table. --> 24 25<br />
<table width = "50%" border = "1" 26 summary = "This table uses th elements and id and 27 headers attributes to make the table readable 28 by screen readers"> 29<br />
<caption><strong>Price of Fruit</strong></caption>
<p> 31 32<br />
<tr> 33<br />
<th id = "fruit">Fruit</th>
<p> 34<br />
<th id = "price">Price</th>
<p> 35 </tr>
<p> 36 37<br />
<tr> 38<br />
<td headers = "fruit">Apple</td>
<p> 39<br />
<td headers = "price">$0.25</td>
</tr>
<p> 41 42<br />
<tr> 43<br />
<td headers = "fruit">Orange</td>
<p> 44<br />
<td headers = "price">$0.50</td>
<p> 45 </tr>
<p> 46 47<br />
<tr> 48<br />
<td headers = "fruit">Banana</td>
<p> 49<br />
<td headers = "price">$1.00</td>
</tr>
<p> 51 52<br />
<tr> 53<br />
<td headers = "fruit">Pineapple</td>
<p> 54<br />
<td headers = "price">$2.00</td>
<p> 55 </tr>
<p> 56 57 </table>
<p> 58 59 </body> </html> Fig. 24.15 Fig. 24.1FiFig. 24.15g. 24.15 Fig. 24.15 Table optimized for screen reading, using attribute headers. (Part 2 of 3.) <br />We recommend high quality webhost to host and run your jsp application: <a href="http://jsp.javaservletwebsitehosting.com">christian web host</a> services.
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<small>Friday, July 27th, 2007</small>
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<p>1232 Accessibility Chapter 24 34<br />
<tr> 35
<td>Orange</td>
<p> 36
<td>$0.50</td>
<p> 37 </tr>
<p> 38 39<br />
<tr> 40
<td>Banana</td>
<p> 41
<td>$1.00</td>
<p> 42 </tr>
<p> 43 44<br />
<tr> 45
<td>Pineapple</td>
<p> 46
<td>$2.00</td>
<p> 47 </tr>
<p> 48 49 </table>
<p> 50 51 </body> 52 </html> Fig. 24.14 Fig. 24.1FiFig. 24.14g. 24.14 Fig. 24.14 XHTML table without accessibility modifications. (Part 2 of 2.) If the table in Fig. 24.14 were large, the screen reader s linearized reading would be even more confusing to users. However, modifying the
<td> tag with the headers attribute and modifying header cells (cells specified by the
<th>tag) with the idattribute causes the table to be read as intended. Figure 24.15 demonstrates how these modifications change the way in which a screen reader interprets the table. 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!--Fig. 24.15: withheaders.html --> 6 <!--Table with headers --> 7 Fig. 24.15 Fig. 24.1FiFig. 24.15g. 24.15 Fig. 24.15 Table optimized for screen reading, using attribute headers. (Part 1 of 3.) <br />You want to have a cheap webhost for your apache application, then check <a href="http://apache.javaservletwebsitehosting.com">apache web hosting</a> services.
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