1464 Introduction to XHTML: Part 2 Appendix L 35 37

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60 61 62 Fig. L.3 Fig. L.Fig..Fi L3g. L.3L.3Simple form with hidden fields and a textbox. (Part 2 of 2.) Fig. Using method = “post” appends form data to the browser request, which contains the protocol (i.e., HTTP) and the requested resource s URL. Scripts located on the Web server s computer (or on a computer accessible through the network) can access the form data sent as part of the request. For example, a script may take the form information and update an electronic mailing list. The other possible value, method = “get”, appends the
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Appendix L Introduction to XHTML: Part 2 1463 contains the name and path of the desired resource and the method of communication (called a protocol). XHTML documents use the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Figure L.3 sends the form data to the Web server, which passes the form data to a CGI (Common Gateway Interface) script (i.e., a program) written in Perl, C or some other language. The script processes the data received from the Web server and typically returns information to the Web server. The Web server then sends the information in the form of an XHTML document to the Web browser. [Note: This example demonstrates client-side functionality. If the form is submitted (by clicking Submit Your Entries), an error occurs.] Forms can contain visual and non-visual components. Visual components include clickable buttons and other graphical user interface components with which users interact. Non-visual components, called hidden inputs, store any data that the document author specifies, such as e-mail addresses and XHTML document file names that act as links. The form begins on line 23 with the form element. Attribute method specifies how the form s data is sent to the Web server. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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1462 Introduction to XHTML: Part 2 Appendix L Fig. L.2 Fig. L.Fig..Fi L2g. L.2L.2Complex XHTML table. (Part 3 of 3.) Fig. Common Programming Error L.1 When using colspan and rowspan to adjust the size of table data cells, keep in mind that the modified cells will occupy more than one column or row; other rows or columns of the table must compensate for the extra rows or columns spanned by individual cells. If you do not, the formatting of your table will be distorted, and you could inadvertently create more columns and rows than you originally intended. Line 42 introduces attribute valign, which aligns data vertically and may be assigned one of four values “top”aligns data with the top of the cell, “middle”vertically centers data (the default for all data and header cells), “bottom”aligns data with the bottom of the cell and “baseline”ignores the fonts used for the row data and sets the bottom of all text in the row on a common baseline (i.e., the horizontal line to which each character in a word is aligned). L.4 Basic XHTML Forms When browsing Web sites, users often need to provide information such as e-mail addresses, search keywords and zip codes. XHTML provides a mechanism, called a form, for collecting such user information. Data that users enter on a Web page normally is sent to a Web server that provides access to a site s resources (e.g., XHTML documents or images). These resources are located either on the same machine as the Web server or on a machine that the Web server can access through the network. When a browser requests a Web page or file that is located on a server, the server processes the request and returns the requested resource. A request
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1460 Introduction to XHTML: Part 2 Appendix L The foot section (lines 58 63) is defined with a tfoot (table foot) element and represents a footer. Text commonly placed in the footer includes calculation results and footnotes. Like other sections, the foot section can contain table rows and each row can contain columns. L.3 Intermediate XHTML Tables and Formatting In the previous section, we explored the structure of a basic table. In Fig. L.2, we enhance our discussion of tables by introducing elements and attributes that allow the document author to build more complex tables. The table begins on line 17. Element colgroup (lines 22 27) groups and formats columns. The col element (line 26) specifies two attributes in this example. The align attribute determines the alignment of text in the column. The span attribute determines how many columns the col element formats. In this case, we set align s value to “right”and span s value to “1″to right-align text in the first column (the column containing the picture of the camel in the sample screen capture). Table cells are sized to fit the data they contain. Document authors can create larger data cells by using attributes rowspan and colspan. The values assigned to these attributes specify the number of rows or columns occupied by a cell. The th element at lines 36 39 uses the attribute rowspan=”2″ to allow the cell containing the picture of the camel to use two vertically adjacent cells (thus the cell spans two rows). The thelement at lines 42 45 uses the attribute colspan=”4″to widen the header cell (containing Camelidcomparisonand Approximateasof9/2002) to span four cells. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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